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238 Cards in this Set

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"Utopia"
Thomas More (1478-1535); Christian utopia where tolerance was a basic principle
Jean Bodin
"Republic" (1576); Supported royal absolutism (Divine right of knigs); lived through 8 civil and religious wars that threatened to end the monarchy and to divide France into two religious factions; the term "political science" is attributed to him
Timeline of French religious wars
1562-1598; Huguenots vs. Catholics; Bodin's inspiration for "Republic" ("Six Books of the Commonwealth")
"The Divine Comedy"
Dante; describes the poet's dream-like journey through hell, purgatory, and heaven; in the Inferno, Dante's guide is the ghost of the Roman poet Vergil
Thomas Aquinas
"Summa Theologica"; 1265-1274;
"On the Nature of Things"
Lucretius; championed Epicureanism and presented the theory that the world is made up of atoms
"Aenid"
Vergil; describes visit to the underworld by the hero Aenas
"Romance of the Rose"
1230, then 1275; medieval allegory: characters are personified abstractions, such as as Idleness, Nature, and the Rose itself; begun by Guillaume de Lorris and later expanded by Jean de Meun; medieval French poem styled as an allegorical dream vision. It is a notable instance of courtly literature
El Greco (genre)
Mannerist; Masterpiece: "The Burial of Count Orgaz" 1586-1588
Giotto
Medieval painter whose innovative naturalistic art inspired the Italian Renaissance; Lamentation, Campanile di Giotto
Popular Dutch Baroque artists
Rembrandt & Rubens
Lucretius
Active during the late Republic; poet and philosopher; On the Nature of Things;
Popular poets of Latin Golden Age (during Augustus)
Poetry: Horace, Virgil, Ovid; Prose: J. Caesar, Cicero (Pre-Augustus)
Juvenal
Satirist during the Latin Silver Age; criticized the decline of morals during the early Empire
"Gargantua and Pantagruel"
Rabelais (1494-1553); notorious for their bawdy humor and iconoclastic views of European society, were admired by King Francis I
"The Book of the Courtier"
1528; Castiglione
"Lindisfarne Gospels"
700; manuscript book on parchment; illuminated Latin manuscript of the gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John; Created in Northhumbria - is primarily the name of both a medieval petty kingdom of the Angles people, in what is now north east England and southern Scotland
Illumination
Artwork in medieval books is called illuminations; such intricate pen-and-ink designs are characteristic of Celtic art; "miniature" is another name for illumination; it is sometimes so named because the pigment was made from "minium"; the Latin word for red lead
First Alphabet
1400 BC; devised by the scribes of Ugarit (in the Leviant), probably during the 14th century BC - about 200 years after the end of Minoan (who used a syllabery) civilivzation; The alphabet was then used by the Phoenicians, then the Greeks
Linear A
Minoan, never deciphered; ~ 1900-1800 BC
Linear B
Minoan, early form of Greek
Hieronymus Bosch
1450-1516; paintings often depict wild scenes in which human beings are tormented by demons; the almost "surreal" quality of Bosch's paintings is not typical of the northern renaissance, but his choice of non-classical themes reflects a characteristic difference between art of the northern renaissance and art of the italian renaissance
Ovid
Latin poet who wrote during the time of the 1st Roman emperor, Augustus
Hesiod
Greek, second only to Homer; Greek oral poet, who may have lived around 700 BCE or earlier. Hesiod and Homer are generally considered the earliest Greek poets whose work has survived since at least Herodotus's time
"Theogony"
Hesiod; describes the legends of the gods; "Theogony", "Works and Days"; both ~ 700 BC
"Works and Days"
Hesiod; life on a Greek farm
Archilochus
Greek Lyric Poet; (1 of 9);
Pindar
Greek Lyric Poet; (1 of 9); Of the canonical nine lyric poets of ancient Greece, Pindar is the one whose work is by far the best preserved, and critics in antiquity tended to regard him as the greatest.[1] Quintilian described him as "by far the greatest of the nine lyric poets, in virtue of his inspired magnificence, the beauty of his thoughts and figures, the rich exuberance of his language and matter, and his rolling flood of eloquence".
Sappho
Greek Lyric Poet; (1 of 9); Later Greeks included her in the canonical list of nine lyric poets
Fancesco Petrach
Abandoned his legal studies when his father died, and wrote great sonnets in the Tuscan dialect of the Italian vernacular, which earned him much praise
"Sic et non"
Peter Abelard; notes contradictions among the Church fathers and scripture in order to resolve their differences
"Defender of the Peace"
"1324; Marsilius of Padua (franciscan friar); argued that the authority of a government derives from the body of its citizens, not from ""divine right""; As its name implies, it describes the State as the defender of the public peace, which is the most indispensable benefit of human society. Defensor pacis extends the tradition of Dante's Monarchia separating the secular State from religious authority. On its face it affirmed the sovereignty of the people and civil law and sought to greatly limit the power of the Papacy, which he viewed as the ""cause of the trouble which prevails among men"" and which he characterized as a ""fictitious"" power. He proposed the seizure of church property by civil authority and the elimination of tithes. In his view, the Papacy would retain only an honorary pre-eminence without any authority to interpret the scriptures or define dogma.
"The Hammer of the Witches"
1486; (2 Dominican inquisitors); systematized the process of trying suspects of witchcraft.
"David"
Donatello, Michelangelo
"Sistine Chapel Ceiling"
Michelangelo; 1508-1512;
Michelangelo
(1472-1564); Along with Da Vinci and Raphael, one of the three great artists of the later Italian Renaissance; Sistine Chapel, David, St. Peter's Basilica
"Etymologies"
636; Isidore of Seville; (Carolingian Europe); presents in abbreviated form much of that part of the learning of antiquity that Christians thought worth preserving; (early encyclopedia)
"On the Celestial Heirarchy"
John Scottus
"Domesday Book"
1086; William the Conqueror; Inventory for Taxes
"Decameron"
Giovanni Boccacio
"Dance of Death"
1493; Michael Wolgemut; No matter one's station in life, the dance of death unites all
"Canterbury Tales"
14th Century; Geoffrey Chaucer; (two of them in prose, the rest in verse). The tales, some of which are originals and others not, are contained inside a frame tale and told by a collection of pilgrims on a pilgrimage from London Borough of Sout Canterbury to visit the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral.[1] The Canterbury Tales are written in Middle English. Although the tales are considered to be his magnum opus, some believe the structure of the tales is indebted to the works of The Decameron, which Chaucer is said to have read on an earlier visit to Italy.
"On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres"
1543; Copernicus
"Geography"
Ptolemy (85-165); compilation of what was known about the world's geography in the Roman Empire of the 2nd century. Ptolemy relied mainly on the work of an earlier geographer, Marinos of Tyre, and on gazetteers of the Roman and ancient Persian empire, but most of his sources beyond the perimeter of the Empire were unreliable.
Aristotle
"Ethics", "Politics"; wealth played vital, positive functions in ordinary life; Ethics: man is the "originator or generator of his actions as his is the generator of his children"
"On Painting"
1435; Leon Battista Alberti; must know geometry, not recipes; must know the proportions and anatomy of the human body; must read, studying history and other subjects as well; must set out not to follow craft rules and produce a traditionally crowded, decorative image but to create something at onec antique and original
"The Prince"
1532 (Published 1532); Recommends ruthlessness above all; fortune, he says in an adage that became famous in his time, is a woman and will normally favor those whot treat her most forcefully
Luther's Essays
(95 theses), "An Open Letter to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation", "The Babylonian Captivity of the Church", "On Christian Liberty"
"The Virgin of the Rocks"
1483; Da Vinci; ignoring Brunelleschian perspective, he placed the figures in his own way;
Rosetta Stone
197-196 bc; ancient egyptian artifact; 3 passages: 2 in egyptian (hieroglyphic and demotic), 1 in classical Greek; contributed greatly to the deciphering of the principles of hieroglyph writing
Cuneiform Writing
3000-1000 BC;
"Code of Hammurabi"
1700 BC; most important set of laws from Mesopotamian civilization
Ziggurat of Ur
2100 BC
Great Spinx
2650 BC
kouros
representations of male youths which first appear in the Archaic period of Greece
"Orestia"
458 bc; Aeschylus; his masterpiece; homecoming from Troy of the Greek king Agamemnon
Greek Tragedians
Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides
"Antigone"
442 bc; Sophocles
"Oedipus the King"
Sophocles; 429BC; Over the centuries, it has come to be regarded by many as the Greek tragedy par excellence
"The Trojan Women"
415 bc; Euripides
Aristophanes
primary source for what is known as Old Comedy
"Lysistrata"
411 bc; Aristophanes; sexual comedy which railed against the Peloponnesian War
"Histories"
Herodutus; Persian Wars
"History of the Peloponnesian War"
Thucidydes
Pre-Socratic Emphasis
The physical world; nature; debate over materialism and idealism
Sophist Emphasis
Humanistic values; practical skills, such as public speaking and logic
Socratic Emphasis
Enduring moral and intellectual order of the universe; the psyche (mind/soul); "Virtue is knowledge"
Platonist Emphasis
Ideas (forms) are the basis of everything; dualism, the split between the world of Ideas and the everday world; rationalism; severe moderation in ethics
Aristotelian
Natural world is the only world; empiricism, using observation, classification, and comparison; "golden mean" in ethics
R: Jupiter
G: Zeus
R: Juno
G: Hera
R: Neptune
G: Poseidon
R: Pluto
G: Hades
R: Vesta
G: Hestia
R: Apollo
G: Apollo
R: Diana
G: Artemis
R: Mars
G: Ares
R: Venus
G: Aphrodite
R: Vulcan
G: Hephaestus
R: Minerva
G: Athena
R: Mercury
G: Hermes
Latin First Literary Period
250-31 bc; Plautus, Lucretius, Catullus, Cicero (dominated => "Age of Cicero"): outstanding speeches, letters
Latin Golden Age
31bc-14 ce; Vergil, Horace (helped develop satire), Ovid
"Eclogues", "Georgics"
Vergil; Aenid modeled on the "Odyssey"
"Art of Love"
Ovid; manual for seduction
"Metamorphoses" ("Transformations")
Ovid; his masterpiece; source of our knowledge of many Classical myths - medieval and Renaissance poets turned to it continuously for inspiration
Latin Silver Age
13-200 ce; Seneca, Juvenal, Tacitus, Pliny the Elder, Lucan, Tacitus, Apuleius
"Meditations"
Marcus Aurelius: his daily musings; recognized as a masterpiece of Stoicism
Neo-Platonism emphasis
Plotinus: emphasized bridging the two worlds with his theories - his writings later influenced Christian thinkers in the Middle Ages and the Italian humanists of the Renaissance
The Ten Commandments
"1. You shall have no other gods before me;2. You shall not make for yourself a graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above...;
Old Testament (Hebrew Bible) Categories (Hebrew)
The Law (Torah), The Prophets, The Writings
Old Testament Categories (Christian)
The Pentateuch, The Historical Books, The Poetical Wisdom Books, The Prophetical Books
Books of the New Testament
Gospels, Acts of the Apostles, Epistles, Apocalypse
"Confessions"
Augustine; traces his search for intellectual and spiritual solace and details his dramatic conversion; he castigates himself for living a sinful, sensual life
"City of God"
Augustine; in the first ten books he attacks the Greco-Roman philosophies and religions; in the concluding twelve books of the work, he elaborated his view of world history, which relied heavily on the Hebrew experience and Christian sources; City of God vs. City of Man: God saved, man (paganism) doomed
"Vulgate"
Jerome; translation of the Bible into Latin from Greek and Hebrew sources
Church father that created hyms
Ambrose
Gregorian Chant
Early Medieval musical form; became the official liturgical music of the early church - used in the Mass and other services of the yearly cycle of public worship; consisted of a single melodic line sung my male vocise in unison - (monophony) - without instrumental accompaniment; had an impersonal, nonemotional quality and served religious rather than aesthetic or emotional purposes; the chants cast a spell over their listeneres, evoking in them feelings of otherworldliness, peace and purity
Polyphony
Rose in the 9th century; gave music a vertical as well as horizontal quality
Two most creativue Muslim thinkers
Avicenna (Ibn Sina), Averroes (Ibn Rush)
"Canon of Medicine"
Avicenna; surveyed the achievements of Greek and Roman physicians, Arabic doctors, and his own findings; became, along with writings by Hippocrates and Galen, the basis of the curricula in the new medical schools
Reconciled Aristotle's concepts with Islamic thought
Averroes; Western scholars used his Arabic versions of Aristotle, translated into Latin, to help reconcile Aristotelian and Christian thought
Paper Trail
Invented in China ~ 2nd century ce; 793: Baghdad becomes the site of the first paper mill in the Islamic world; 1151; papermaking reach Muslim Spain (al-Andalus) (Jativa); From Jativa, historians speculate, European cities learned the art of papermaking, and paper mills began to be established in France, Germany, and Italy in the next century
Aim of a scholastic thinker
Bring Aristotle's thought into harmony with the Christian faith
chanson de geste
song of brave deed; written in the vernacular, or popular spoken language; honored the heroic adventures of warriors who had lived in France under Charlemagne and his heirs; masterpiece is "Song of Roland"
Song of Roland
see chanson de geste; written in 1100 after being passed down orally for ~ 300 years
Romances
(After 1150, Romances quickly replaced the feudal "chanson de geste"); long narratives of the chivalric and sentimental adventures of knights and ladies; name arose from the mistaken belief that the medieval authors were imitating a Roman literary form;
Lay
Short lyric or narrative poem meant to be sung to the accompaniment of an instrument such as a harp
Chretian de Troyes
First poet to make Arthur and his court his subject
Greatest literary figure of the high middle ages
Dante
"Divine Comedy"
Dante; ~ 1301; no place for predestination - all of the damned earned their fate by their deeds on earth; owes much to numerology (3,9); written in terza rima; his most cherished idead is to bring about a harmony between the church and the secular state on earth
Year Romanesque emerges
1000; until about 1200
Year Gothic style emerges in Paris
1150
Year Gothic style succumbs to Renaissance fashion
1500
First Romanesque Era
1000-1080; (Lombard bands and Lombard arcades)
Second Romanesque Era
1080-1200; associated with Cluniac monastic order because the order's mother church at Cluny - Cluny III, founded in 1088, the third church built on this site - in eastern France was constructed in this style
Meaning of word "Gothic"
invented by later Renaissance scholars who preferred Greco-Roman styles; they dispised medieval architecture, labeling it Gothic - meaning a barbaric creation of the Goths, or the Germanic peoples; modern research has shown that this view is false; Gothic grew out of Romanesque and was not German art => its negative conotation has long since been discarded
Early Gothic time range
1145-1194; think Notre Dame
High Gothic time range
1194-1300; taller and had greater volume; artistic values now stressed wholeness rather than the division of space into harmonious units; rejecting the restrained decorative ideal used in the Early Gothic style, they covered the entire surface of their churches' western facades with sculptural and architectural designs
Hildegard of Bingen
abbess of the Rupertsberg monastery of neh Rhine River; performed by women singers before audiences of women - Hildegard's fellow nuns
Date of invention of printing press
1450; Johannes Gutenberg; his achievement rests on the shoulders of generations of craftspeople and tinkerers
"The Imitation of Christ"
Thomas a Kempis; Dissapointed with traditionally trained priests, members of the "new devotion" groups often rejected higher education and practiced the strict discipline of the earlier monastic orders, but without withdrawing into a monastery; among the most important expressions of this new devotion was "The Imitation of Christ"; it reflected the harsh ideals of the Brethren of the Common Life (the group of which Kempis was a member)
Most lasting achievement of Wycliffe's movement; introduction of the first complete English-language Bible, produced by scholars inspired by his teaching.
His reasoning swept Nominalism to its final victory
Faith and reason were both valid approaches to truth, but they should be kept apart so that each could achieve its respective end; he denied the existence of universals and claimed that only individual objects existed; concluded that human beings can have clear and distinct knowledge only of specific things in the physical world; no useful knowledge can be gained through reason or the senses about the spiritual realm; Ockham's razor of logic eliminated superfluous information that could not be verified, thus enabling a student to cut to the core of a philosophical problem
Employed mathematics and tested hypotheses untile he reached satisfactory conclusions
Robert Grosseteste
Advocated the use of the expiremental method
Roger Bacon
Answered all of Aristotle's objections to the idea that the earth moved
Nicholas Oresme; Using pure reason and applying theoretical arguments, he concluded that it was as plausible that the earth moved aronud the sun as that it was fixed; but then accepted church doctrine, denying what he had demonstrated
"Canzoniere"
("Songbook"); Petrarch (1304-1374); collection of love lyrics and sonnets written in Italian
"Secretum"
("My Secret"); Petrarch deals with the state of his soul - St. Augustine hounds Petrarch about his innermost thoughts and desires, charging him withall the deadly sins; freely admitting his moral lapses, Franciscus pleads that he is the same as any other man - driven by a love of learning, a weakness for fleshly attractions, and an appetite for personal comforts.
"The Decameron"
1351; Giovanni Boccaccio; reflects the grim conditions of the Black Death
"The Vision of Piers Plowman"
~ 1380; William Langland; graphically exposes the plight of the porr and calls for a return to Christian virtues; provides insight into England's social and economic system and, through the author's anguish, reveals the social tension around the time of the Peasant's Revolt in 1381
"The Canterbury Tales"
1385; Chaucer (courtier, diplomat and public servant for the English crown; profession of poet unknown in his day; first commoner to be buried in Westminster Abbey, a favored burial spot for English royalty); set in the context of a pilgrimage to the tomb of Thomas a Becket, the 12th-century martyr - even though the journey has a religious purpose, Chaucer makes it plain that the travelers intend to hav a good time along the way; the pilgrims' stories, based on folk and fairy tales, romances, classical stories, and beast fables, reveal as much about the narrators as they do about Late Medieval culture
First know Western woman to earn a living through her writings
Christine de Pizan; a pioneer who blazed the trail for women authors; wrote an diverse topics, working within the well-established literary genres of her day, including love poems, lays, biography, letters, political tracts, and moral proverbs
"The Book of the City of Ladies
1405; Christine de Pizan; tries to raise the status of women and to give them dignity
Campanile of the Florentine Cathedral
Giotto; 1350; Late Gothic
Siena Cathedral
1250-1400; Giovanni Boccacio; key example of Late Gothic
Pulpit in the Pisa Cathedral
1310; Giovanni Pisano
Turned Italo-Byzantine painting style, with its two-dimensional, lifeless qualities, into a three-dimensional art characterized by naturalism and the full expression of human emotions
Giotto
Ghent Alterpiece
1432; Hubert and Jan Van Eyck; Oil on Panel; meticulous detail (characteristic of Flemish trends; whereas Italian art tended to be more concerned with the psychological truth)
Arnolfini Wedding Portrait
1434; Jan Van Eyck; detail, symbolic realism
Invention of linear perspective
1425; Brunelleschi
"David" (Donatello)
1430-32; Donatello
Medici domination timeline
1434-1494
French invasion (Charles VIII) of Italy
1494
Opposed the Medici's rule and the city's infatuation with the arts
Francisco Savonarola (1452-1498); (Bonfire of the vanities)
Exposed the Donation of Constantine as a forgery
Lorenza Valla
Platonic Academy founded near Florence
1462; Founded by Cosimo de' Medici; it was under the direction of Marsilio Ficino (whom Cosimo commissioned to translate Plato's works into Latin)
Pico della Mirandola
Ficino's prized student; all knowledge shared basic common truths and that Christians could benefit from studying non-Western, non-Christian writings
"Oration on the Dignity of Man"
Pico della Mirando; individual worth, free will - enables humans to either to raise themselves to God or sink lower than the beasts
Led the Early Renaissance style
Filippo Brunelleschi; believed that once the Classical ideals were rescued from obscurity, new works could be fashioned that captured the spirit of ancient art and architecture without slavishly copying it
The Birth of Venus
1480s; Sandro Botticelli
Florence Cathedral
1436: Brunelleschi
"The Feast of Herod"
1425; Donatello
Leader of the sculptural revival of the early renaissance
Donatello; imbued with Classical ideals, but obsessed with realism; revived the freestanding male nude
"Gattamelata"
1453; Donatello
Guiding genius of the revolution in painting in the earlier Florentine school
Masaccio; 1401-1428; adopted mathematical persepective in his works almost simultaneously with its invention by Brunelleschi; first painter to show light falling from a single source
"The Holy Trinity"
1427/8; Masaccio;
"The Tribute Money"
1425; Masaccio;
"Primavera"
1482; Sandro Botticeli
LDV Lifetime
1452-1519; quintessential representative of a new breed of artist: Renaissance man, who takes the universe of learning as his province; rejected Classical values that had guided the first generation of the Early Renaissance - relied soly on empirical truth and what the human eye could discover; joined intellectual curiosity with the skills of sculptor, architect, engineer, scientist and painter
Founder of the Venetian school of painting
Giovanni Bellini
"St. Francis in Ecstasy"
1470s Giovanni Bellini
Early renaissance timeline, significant artists
1400-94; Brunelleschi; Masaccio; Donatello, Botticelli, Ghiberti, Bellini LDV
High Renaissance timeline; significant artists
1494-1520; From the French invasion of Italy in 1494 until the death of Raphael in 1520; center of culture shifts from Florence to Rome; popes become the leading patrons of the new style in their desire to make Rome the world's most beautiful city
"Dying Slave"
1513-1516; Michelangelo;
Mannerism Overview
1520-1564; moved away from two of the guiding principles of the High Renaissance: the imitation of nature and the devotion to Classical ideals; deliberately chose odd perspectives that called attention to the artists' technical effects and their individual points of view; behind the Mannerist aesthetic lay a questioning or even denial of the inherent worth of human beings and a negative image of human nature, along with a sense of the growing instability of the world
High renaissance poet famous for work about sex, love and obsession
Gaspara Stampa
"The Last Supper"
1495; LDV
"Mona Lisa"
1503; LDV; it was unseen while he lived and found among his effects when he died in 1519; after it was found, he was elevated to membership among the immortals of Western art
"Sistine Chapel Ceiling"
Michelangelo; commissioned in 1508; took 4 years to create; 70 feet from floor and 5,800 square feet; taught himself fresco
"The Last Judgement"
Michelangelo; ~ 1533; on wall behind the Sistine Chapel's altar; contains Mannerist style, expressing Michelangelo's disappointment with Florence's loss of freedom and his own spiritual torment; simplicity has been replaced by the exuberant abundance, and order has given way to rich diversity
"The Stanze Frescoes"
1510-1511; Raphael; Subjects: philosophy, poetry, theology, law; most famous is "The School of Athens"
"Madonna of the Chair"
1515; Raphael
2 greatest painters of the Venetian High Renaissance
Giorgione, Titian
"The Tempest"
1505; Giorgione
"Martyrdom" of St. Lawrence
1550s; Titian
"The Madonna with the Long Neck"
1534-1540; Parmigianino; Mannerist artist, best known of The School of Parma (N. Italy)
The moving force behind the high renaissance in architecture
Donato Bramante; rejected scenographic style in favor of an approach that concentrated on space and volume, unifying all its components and following the rules of the Classical orders
"Tempietto"
"Little Temple"; 1502; (Rome); Bramante
Dome of St. Peter's Basilica
1546-1564; Michelangelo; double Corinthian columns; originally commissioned to Bramant, but he died before his plans could be carried out;
Preeminent architect of the Mannerist style
Andrea di Pietro (Palladio)
"Villa Rotonda"
Begun 1550; Palladio;
Timeline of Northern Renaissance
1500-1560
"The Praise of Folly"
1509; Erasmus; captures the gentle grace and good sense of the Christian humanists; ridicules every social group, from scholars to laywers to priests and cardinals; denounced by both Catholics and Protestants; split with Luther on Free Will, * Erasmus never wore clerical garb or lived as a priest, although he was ordained;
"Knight, Death and the Devil"
1513; Durer; engraving
Date of "95 Theses", (Sale of Indulgences)
1517
Church of England founded
1533
Time Range of Shakespeare's plays performed
1590-1610
"The Histories of Garguantua and Pantagruel"
Rabelais, 1500s; vigorously attacked the churche's abuses and ridiculed the clergy and theologians; beneath the satire, he affirmed the goodness of human nature and the ability of men and women to lead useful lives based on reason and common sense
"Republic" (Renaissance)
1576; Bodin; concluded that a unity of religion and of country was the only way for a people to live
"Fabrica"
1543; Andreas Vesalius; ("De Humani Corporis Fabrica", "The Seven Books on the Structure of the Human Body"); disagreed with Galen, insisting that humans and animals did not share the same anatomy; did for anatomy what Copernicus did for astronomy
"Essays"
1580; Michel de Montaigne; he essentially invented the literary form of essay; claimed he saw nothing except vanity and insignificanc in human beings and their reasoning; Montaigne's stated goal in his book is to describe man, and especially himself, with utter frankness. He finds the great variety and volatility of human nature to be its most basic features. A typical quote is "I have never seen a greater monster or miracle than myself." He describes his own poor memory, his ability to solve problems and mediate conflicts without truly getting emotionally involved, his disgust for man's pursuit of lasting fame, and his attempts to detach himself from worldly things to prepare for death.
Shakespeare's lifetime
1564-1616
Shakespeare's masterpiece tragedies
Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet
Hamlet
revenge tragedy; Mannerist Shakespeare; by turns, Hamlet veers from madman to scholar to prince to swordsman, so that a unified, coherent personality is never exposed to the audience; mannerist aesthetic: self-disgust that seems to rule Hamlet's character when hi is alon with his thoughts
Significant Northern Renaissance figures
Jean Bodin, Andreas Vesalius, Michel de Montaigne, William Shakespeare; Albrecht Durer, Matthias Grunewald, Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Hieronymus Bosch
Significant (Southern) Renaissance figures
Gaspara Stampa, Castiglione, Machiavelli, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Donato Bramante, Venetians: Giorgione & Titian, Parna: Parmigianino, Palladio;
"Isenheim Altarpiece"
1515; Matthias Grunewald
"Garden of Earthly Delights"
1510-1515; Hieronymus Bosch; triptych; an artist whose originality was so pronounced that he stands outside any historical period
"The Netherlandish Proverbs", "Wedding Dance"
1559, 1566; Pieter Bruegel the Elder;
"The Painter and the Connoisseur"
Mid-1560s; Pieter Bruegel the Elder; depicts the painter as an eccentric visionary, and the connisseur as a self-deluded ignoramus who wears glasses and a ridiculous cap that covers his ears
Year by which both the English and French kings had made their national churches relatively free of papal control
1500
"The Institutes of Christian Religion"
Calvin (1509-1564); became a theological document of immense importance
"The Burial of Count Orgaz"
1586; El Greco; he best captured the spirit of mannerism in the counter-reformation; Philip II of Spain thought his works too bizarre, but select aristocrats and the Roman Catholic clergy loved his work
"Don Quixote"
1605 (Part I), 1615 (Part II); Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra; satirized the chilvaric novel
Significant Late Mannerism Figures
El Greco, Sofonisba Anguissola, Lope de Vega, Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, Tintoretto, Giovanni Pierlugigi da Palestrina
"The Last Supper" (1594)
Tintoretto; (Leonardo's painting is meant to appeal to the viewer's reason; Tintoretto's shadowy scene is calculated to stir the feelings)
Baroque Age timeline/overview
1600-1715; Baroque was an era of constant turmoil, and untile mid-century, Europe was plagued by religious warfare, a legacy of the Reformation; grandeur, opulence, expanding horizons; provided spectacular and compelling images with which the church could reassert its presence and dazzle and indoctrinate faithful; offered secular rulers a magnificence and vastness that enhanced their political power; art became a propagandistic tool in a way that the individualistic Mannerist art of the previous period never was
"Baroque" (term) origins
Coined by 18th-century artistis and scholars whose tastes were attuned to Classical ideals; to them, much 17th-century culture was imperfect, or "baroque" (probably derived from the Portuguese word 'barroco', meaning "irregular pearl"); not until the mid-19th century did the word acquire a positev meaning, and now "Baroque" is a label for the prevailing cultural style of the 17th century
"Piazza of St. Peter's Basilica"
1665-1667; Gianlorenzo Bernini;
Most important formative influence on the evolution of the Baroque style in the arts and architecture
Council of Trent; Series of sessions held between 1545 and 1563 - church leaders reaffirmed all the values and doctrines rejected by the Protestantst and called for a new art that was geared to the teaching needs of the church and that set forth correct theological ideas easily understoond by the masses; popes of the late 16th century began to hold a tighter rein on artists and architects and to discourage the individualistic tendencies of the Mannerist style
"The Baldacchino"
1624-1633; Gianlorenzo Bernini; covers the spot where St. Peter's bones are believed to lie (directly under Michelangelo's Dome)
"The Ecstasy of St. Teresa"
1645-1652; Gianlorenzo Bernini; Cornaro Chaple, Santa Marian della Vittoria
3 Baroque Periods
Florid Baroque, Classical Baroque, Restrained Baroque
Florid Baroque
17th-century popes used their patronage powers to bring to life Florid Baroque: vitality and theatrical effects were prized over such Classical elements as restraint and repose; Bernini, Caravaggio, Rubens, Velazquez; Piazza of St. Peter's, The Baldacchino, The Ecstasy of St. Teresa, The Conversion of St. Paul & Crucifixion of St. Peter (Caravaggio), The Education of Marie de' Medici
"The Education of Marie de' Medici"
1621-1625; Peter Paul Rubens
Classical Baroque
French Baroque; Palace of Versailles; Nicolas Poussin
"Et in Arcadia Ego"
1640; Nicholas Poussin
Restrained Baroque
Founded by the painters and architects of the Netherlands and England; Rembrandt. Jan Vermeer, Judith Leyster; Anthony van Dyck; Christopher Wren
"The Night Watch"
1642; ("The Militia Company of Captain Frans Banning Cocq")
"Christ Preaching"
1645-1650; Rembrandt; Etching
St. Paul's Cathedral
1675-1710; Christopher Wren
"Paradise Lost"
1668; John Milton; (English Baroque); Protestant response to The Divine Comedy; rebellion of the angels led by Lucifer, the fall of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden, and Christ's redemption of humanity
"The Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres"
1543; Copernicus; denounced by Protestant and Catholic leaders alike; placed on the Index
Brahe's Observations (time range)
1570-1600
3 main contributors to climax of Baroque music
Bach, Handel, Vivaldi
Johann Sebastian Bach
1685-1750; German; Greatest of the Late Baroque masters; devout Lutheran; created a body of sacred music that transcends all religious creeds and nationalities; inventiveness and complete mastery of major and minor tonality; the Passions, Brandenburg Concertos; fugue, subject+countersubject, episode, trills
George Frideric Handel
1685-1759; German; renowned for his Italian-style operas; Messiah; oratorio
Antonia Lucio Vilvaldi
1678-1741; Italian; set a new standard for instrumental music; "The Four Seasons" (4 violin concertos); wrote nearly 50 operas and 500 concertos; music is little performed today except for the concertos; innovations include a 3-movement pattern (FSF), and refrain (recurring passage in combination with brief passages performed by a solo instrument which together provide a unifying theme for the work)
"On the Motion of Mars"
1609; Kepler
"The Law of War and Peace"
1625; Grotius; natural law should gover the relations between states; foundational work in international law; "an attempt by a theologically and classically educated jurist to base upon law order and security in the community of states as well as in the national society in which he had grown up. In the rather naïve rationalism, the belief in reason as the lord of life, is revealed the spiritual son of Erasmus"
"Dialogues on the Two Chief Systems of the World"
1632; Galileo
"Discourse on Method"
1637; Descartes's; "I think, therefore I am"; philosophical and mathematical treatise; It is a method which gives a solid platform from which all modern natural sciences could evolve.; Descartes started his line of reasoning by doubting everything, so as to assess the world from a fresh perspective, clear of any preconceived notions; Accept only that which you are sure of, divide into as small parts as necessary, solve the simplest problems first, make lists, tables, diagrams; Together with Meditations on First Philosophy (Meditationes de Prima Philosophia), Principles of Philosophy (Principia philosophiae) and Rules for the Direction of the Mind (Regulae ad directionem ingenii), it forms the base of the Epistemology known as Cartesianism.
"Leviathan"
1651; Hobbe's; argues for a social contract and rule by an absolute sovereign. Hobbes wrote that chaos or civil war — situations identified with a state of nature and the famous motto Bellum omnium contra omnes ("the war of all against all") — could only be averted by strong central government. He thus denied any right of rebellion toward the social contract, which would be later amended by John Locke and conserved by Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
"Mathematical Principles"
1687; Newton; contains the statement of Newton's laws of motion forming the foundation of classical mechanics, as well as his law of universal gravitation and a derivation of Kepler's laws for the motion of the planets (which were first obtained empirically). The Principia is widely regarded as one of the most important scientific works ever written
"Two Treatises of Government"
1690; Locke; work of political philosophy published anonymously in 1689 by John Locke. The First Treatise attacks patriarchalism in the form of sentence-by-sentence refutation of Robert Filmer's Patriarcha and the Second Treatise outlines a theory of political or civil society based on natural rights and contract theory.
Most important figures, concepts in the Scientific Revolution
geocentrism, empiricism, inductive reasoning, heliocentrism; Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, Galilei, Newton, Robert Boyle, Bacon, Descartes, Pascal, Hugo Grotius, Thomas Hobbes
Date of invention of telescope and microscope ~
~ 1600, Netherlands; without them remained "thinkers", as they had been since the time of ancient Greeks