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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What kind of government did Rome have? |
-Republican government: upper class
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What were the social classes in rome? |
-Patricians: upper/ruling class -Plebeians: lower class -Tribunes: officer in ancient Rome, protected the rights of the plebeians |
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When did Rome gain independence? |
509 B.C.E. |
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Why was it bad if the lower class in rome grew weaker and weaker? |
Not good because they are the cull of the army and they could fight back to the upper class (chaos in the society) |
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What happens in the Punic Wars? |
1st war: Rome invades Sicily, gaines power over Sicily and Corsica 2nd war: Carthaginian general Hannibal invaded Italy and won in Lake Trasimene and Canae, but was defeated by Rome's Scorpio Africanus in 202 BC 3rd war: Roman's Scorpio the Younger led it and captured/destroyed city of Carthage in 146. |
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When Rome takes over the world?... |
...the Mediterranean Sea becomes a Roman Sea, took over Spain and had slaves to work the land |
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Who is Mark Anthony and who is Octavian? How do they relate? |
MARK ANTHONY -Roman politician and general (83-30 BC) -ally of Julius Caesar - Romantic and political relations to Queen Cleopatra (ruler of Egypt)
OCTAVIAN -first Roman emperor -Mark picked a fight with Octavian, Octavian won. -Octavian believed Mark was controlled by Cleopatra -Octavian changes his name to Augustus (27 bce-14 ce) |
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What did Augustus (octavian) do? |
-takes the poor/lower class and sends them to rule in different places -games (warriors) -temples (Greek gods) -no abortion -Pax Romana: peace -tea party people (christianity): stop paying taxes
*he combined military might, education building, and lawmaking to become Rome's sole ruler *he made the 200 year Pax Romana (Roman Peace) |
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What was included in Rome's empire? |
-All of the Mediterranian |
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How did Roman's ensure good discipline among their soldiers? |
-Punishment by beating -beat the 'condemned man' by having the tribune lightly touch him with cudgel, and then the soldiers beat him with clubs and stones (usually kill him) -tribune can give out fines, take away goods, order a flogging -optio (lieutenant) and decurio (sergeant) subjected to same punishment if they didn't carry it out |
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Spanish army was led by... |
Hannibal-expansion of Carthaginian. He destroyed a Roman army of 60,000. Romans were left feeling shocked and terrified and unsafe. They didn't know when and where Hannibal would strike next. |
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Quintus Fabius Maximus |
-Proposed after the great defeat of Cannae that riders should question survivors, women should be forbidden to leave their homes, guards should be on watch, after things were under control the senate should gather. |
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Who was Lucretius? Why was he critical of religion? |
-Roman philosopher and poet -he believed religion made people do evil things and have anxiety over death and eternal life/punishment |
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According to Lucretius, why did people first begin to believe in gods? Compared to Critias? |
Lucretius believed people started believing in gods because they feared death and gods gave them reassurance (people couldn't handle fear so they turned to religion).
Critias believed wise men created and used religion to control people. |
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Who was Cicero? |
-Advocate of Stoicism -he was the leading Roman statesman, student of Greek philosophy, Latin stylist
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What was Cicero's view on nature of law? |
natural law governs the universe and applies to all of humanity. He believed law was a natural force, and the first common possession of man and God is reason, and virtue exists in man and God alike. Nature is what derives Law.
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Eutrascans |
-very powerful force, began in 500 BCE, set up a republic (the upper class ruled) |
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Hannibal (264 BCE) |
Soldier that threatened Rome because of his strength -Rome defeats Hannibal (punic wars) -Romans take over Africa, mediterranean sea has tremendous power
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Julius Caesar |
-Takes over Rome in 45 BCE -assassinated by cassius and brutus in 44 BCE -Mark Anthony fights Octavian |
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Agustus |
-emperor (27 BCE) -gives out bread to people -creates games to help win votes/power -very religious -against abortion -wants the kids for soldiers |
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King= Messiah= Christos= |
Christianity Jews Greek |
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How old was Jesus? When was he born? |
33 years old (4-29 BCE) -born when Augustus was ruling. |
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King Herrod |
-crucified Jesus |
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Pontius Pilate |
-man that didn't want to crucify Jesus, but did it anyways with Herrod |
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Gentiles: |
non-jews |
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St. Peter |
believes in old Jewish tradition |
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St. Paul |
believes in Christianity |
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Book of Revelation |
talks about end of the world |
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Who are martyrs? |
people who are for religion |
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Constantine |
-Army general, had a vision of a cross in the sky -he changed religion -Rome became christian -Put the cross on his shields |
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Pharisees |
more representative of the 'common man' -synagogue, rabbi, liberals |
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Sadducees |
Thought of themselves as 'conservatives' -accepted the written law of moses as authoritative -temples, priests, right wing |
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Essenes |
a sect of Judaism that took a more ascetic belief. Less followers than the Pharisees and Sadducees -left wing |
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Tertullian |
Christian/native of Carthage, said to 'beware of philosophy' |
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The Crusades |
group of people who tried to regain the holy land from Islam. First crusade killed thousands of Jews in Rhineland. |
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Thomas Aquinas |
Believed in Reason and god, claimed gods real for 5 reasons: 1. motion 2. efficient cause 3. possibility/necessity 4. graduation to be found in things 5. governance of the world
-believed heretics was the worst crime |
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Beatrice |
The symbol of divine love. Someone that Dante admired a lot |
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Virgil |
Roman poet and the symbol of human reason could never go to heaven. -admired Augustus for ending the civil wars, his deathbed wish was that Augustus destroy the Aeneid. |
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Dante |
travels through hell. Takes a different route because he wants to climb the mountain. |
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Aristotle |
Studied with Plato, was a rational thinker just like Plato and Socrates. |
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Socrates |
Socrates was a rational thinker and was thought of as the wisest man of his time but he didn't believe that. Believed everyone should be the best version of themselves. |
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Feudalism |
When a king gives out land or some sort of employment to earls/dukes/knights and counts who create vassals. Lacks strong central control. |
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Stoicism |
Destructive emotions resulted from errors in judgement and that a sage, or person, of "moral and intellectual perfection," would not suffer such emotions
-the endurance of pain or hardship without a display of feelings and without complaint
-Belief that the wise live in harmony with the divine Reason that governs nature |
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Nero |
Burnt Christians at the stake. The lamps of his garden were burning bodies. |
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Caligula |
Bad emperor, degraded the senate |
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Polybus |
Kind of the Roman army. Said die in battle or don't come home. |
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Lucretias |
Follows Epicurus's philosophy. Religion prompts evil deeds. |
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Cicero |
Influenced by stoicism and believed natural law governs the universe and it applies to all and all deserve good humanity. |
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Cato |
Held hostility towards Greek philosophy. Cato relates to Socrates. |
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Marcus Aerelius |
Roman emperor, influenced greatly by Roman stoicism. Death brought end to the Pax Romana.
Last of the great Roman stoics and the so-called Five Good Emperors. |
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Spartacus |
A slave that broke away with others and was chased down in a battle and killed. |
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Seneca |
Believed if you serve society you realize how moral of a person you can be. |
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Ovid |
Wrote about the art of love. Said men need to play with their hair; cry in front of her, love her. |
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Saint Jerome |
Scholar in the late Roman Period. Left Rome to study Hebrew, worked to translate Hebrew/Christian into Latin. |
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Pop Gregory 1st |
Around when Rome had crumbled |
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Tertullian |
A native of Carthage, and later became a Christian. His writings held hostility toward Greco-Roman learning.
Christian and defender of chrisianity and its morals against both pagans and less rigorous christians. he objected Christians studying pagan literature because it tempted christians to think philosophically. |
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Saint Augustine |
Argued that Pagan learning and institutions could be put to good use by Christians. |
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Justin Martyr |
Converted to Christianity. Martyr had a dramatic response to the charges of Christians being immoral and disloyal to the emperor. |
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Matthew (bible) |
is writing that Christianity is the fulfillment of Jewish prophecies. It was important that Jesus was related to King David. (seen differently in John). Jesus has come to fulfill the prophecy, always quoting Jewish prophecies from the torah. Very extreme rules to follow. Last words of Jesus "My god my god why have you forsaken me?"
The beginning of Matthew is genealogy. Jesus is a hero. |
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John (bible) |
More humanized. "In the beginning" --instead of the genealogy. -Jesus is more like god made into flesh. "it is finished" are the last words of Jesus. Judged based on your belief in as opposed to actions in Matthew. Christianity becomes combined with Socrates beliefs.
The beginning of John is the Word. |
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Charlemagne |
Became the King of the Franks. Thought very highly of education. He wanted the franks to be smart. Required Saxons to become Christians. Franks vs. Saxons |
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Koran |
Central religious text of islam. Similar to bible or torah. Muslims believe it to be a revelation from god (allah) |
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Jihad |
Moral self improvement and military action to defend islam. Radicals interpret Jihad as a way to spread islam by force. Jihad provided happiness through love/devotion to god and victory/triumph or martyrdom and Paradise. |
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Desomate |
when someone runs away, they kill every 10th man |
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Aeneid |
Roman poet Virgil's Latin epic poem. |
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Satires |
Juvenal was Rome's greatest satirical poet |
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Just War |
was about money and power |
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Transubstantiation |
conversion of the substance of the Eucharistic elements into the body and blood of Christ, appearances of bread and wine still remaining |
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The Servile (slave) War |
-slaves couldn't take it anymore so they planned a revolt. 400 slaves took the city of Enna with the support of Eunus. They killed Damophilus and Eunus became king and then built an army. |
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Spartacus |
a Thracian of many slaves, built an army. -he was speared and died |
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Why did Cicero consider Caesar guilty of 'the blackest crime of all'? |
He destroyed the rights and liberties of the people in result to becoming a king. |
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Tacitus |
He believed that Augustus seduced the Roman people into accepting monarchial rule. |
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Synoptic Gospel |
Mark: 70 CE Matthew: 80 CE Luke: 8 TCE John: 110 CE |
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Who are Mark and Matthew writing to? |
Jews (in the beginning we had Christian Jews) |
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What is strange about the genealogy of Jesus in Matthew? |
Jesus was traced back to David, and Joseph's genealogy. |
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Josephus |
Jewish commander during the Jewish Revolt against Rome. |
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Dead Sea Scrolls |
800 documents of the oldest copies of the old testament |
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Clement of Alexandria |
-favored the study of pagan literature because before the advent of God, philosophy helped Greeks to attain righteousness. It also prepared teaching for those who would later embrace faith. |
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Saint Augustine |
-favored study of pagan literature because Christians would then have to loathe and avoid, and under christ's guidance, you abandon company of pagans. |
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Regular clergy vs secular clergy |
-regular clergy: live by a monk -secular clergy: priests |
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Eugenics |
-controlled breeding to improve the human population |
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Torah |
Five books of the law of god in judaism |
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Guild |
-formation of businessmen's associations, merchant guilds encompassed all townspeople engaged in commerce (craftsmen). They helped each other depending on the need. |
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The Crusades |
-the struggle to regain the Holy Land from Islam -inspired idealism and heroism
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Heretics |
a Christian who later turned against teachings of the church and Christianity. |
