Western Civ Term 2

Front 1

Thomas Hobbes

Back 1

Englishman with a pessimistic view of human nature, wrote Leviathan(monster within bible)
"The life of a man in the state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short."

Front 2

Bishop Bossuet

Back 2

Court Chaplin to Louis 14, wrote textbooks as the tutor to his stupid son. "Politique" Political Theory according to the bible.

Front 3

John Locke

Back 3

Englishman arguing for liberalism. Supported revolution, agreed with Hobbes. Humans have the right to change gov if it goes against their rights.

Front 4

Copernicus

Back 4

(1473-43) Heliocentric universe, sun center of universe.

Front 5

Tycho Brahe

Back 5

Astronomer. Silver nose. Mix of heliocentric and geocentric.

Front 6

Joannes Kepler

Back 6

Heliocentric, elliptical orbits

Front 7

Galieo

Back 7

Telescopic observations, invents telescope!

Front 8

Francis Baccon

Back 8

Corrupt politician, first to write an English Essay. Use facts & experiment to determine life.

Front 9

Rene Descartes

Back 9

Begins by doubting everything, starts within his own mind.
"Cogito Ergo Sum" I think, therefor I am

Front 10

Isaac Newton

Back 10

Physics. Nature's laws.

Front 11

Pierre Bayle

Back 11

Examined Christianity and the bible as if it were just another book. Biblical Criticism.

Front 12

David Hume

Back 12

Skeptic & Atheist(One of few who were publicly open)

Front 13

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Back 13

We are born good, but society makes us bad. Therefore, if you change society, you will change humans. "Man is born free but everywhere he is in chains."

Front 14

Baron de Montesquieu

Back 14

Separation of power. Anti-Absolutism.

Front 15

Adam Smith

Back 15

Economy exists to satisfy our individual needs: pursuit of self interest. Specialization of labour. Free trade.

Front 16

Cesare Beccaria

Back 16

Italian- Prison reform, calls for the end of cruel prison punishment, purpose to change the individual.
Anti-Death Penalty

Front 17

Edmund Burke

Back 17

Wrote "Reflections on the Revolution in France." 1790. Not a popular idea.

Front 18

John Wesley

Back 18

Methodist, urged people to devote themselves to religion. Desire for Moral Reform. To abolish slavery, as well as all other social vices.

Front 19

Louis XVI(16)

Back 19

Not very bright, in order to gain popularity he restores old courts. France in debt. Calls Estates-General to Versailles. Executed by guillotine for treason (1793)

Front 20

Louis XV(15)

Back 20

Uses absolutism to abolish venal courts(where nobles buy/sell titles. Appoints new state paid officials & taxes nobles.

Front 21

Jacobins

Back 21

Radical political leader of a group dominating the assembly(1792)

Front 22

Robespierre

Back 22

Lawyer, true revolutionary, a man of no passion except ruthlessness. Terror is justice.

Front 23

Georges Danton

Back 23

Lawyer, passionate, popular with the mob.

Front 24

Jean-Paul Marat

Back 24

Violent Newspaper Editor, frequently calling for someone's killing. Hideous skin condition, contracted by "hiding in the sewers of London." Killed in bath tube.

Front 25

Napoleon Bonaparte

Back 25

Military leader. Conquers Egypt. Overthrows own government. Establishes 3 counsels, makes himself the head. Needlessly invades Haiti, a big failure(army dies of yellow fever)
Emperor Napoleon I, playing off Roman Empire.
Invades Russia, fails, runs away. Abdicated to Elba(they give him a tiny island to rule) Doesn't get the hint, gathers army, returns to Britain, defeated, and re-abdicated to St. Helena now, poisoned and dies in 1821.

Front 26

Josephine

Back 26

Husband killed by revolution, sleeps her way up the ladder and marries NB

Front 27

Gracches Babouf

Back 27

"Conspiracy of Equals" If you abolish human property & distinctions, you can rid the world of unhappiness.
Begins his movement by killing off people with glasses, deemed bad, so killed!

Front 28

Louis XVIII(18)

Back 28

Rules France, when it is taken to runs away to Britain. No children.

Front 29

Duke of Wellington

Back 29

Beats Napoleon B in an Epic battle at Waterloo for Britain.

Front 30

Charles X

Back 30

Brother to Louis. The ultra, unsuccessful attempts at rolling the cloak back to 1788 (Limit franchise, abolish free press) Deposed and replaced by Louis-Philippe

Front 31

Louis-Philippe

Back 31

First of the orleanist dynasty

Front 32

Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels

Back 32

Wrote the Communist Manifesto

Front 33

Karl Marx

Back 33

"Scientific Socialism" Writer. Supported by Engels

Front 34

Engels

Back 34

Rich kid that supported Marx, got his money from his fathers factories. Finished Marx's "Capital" writings.

Front 35

Bakunin

Back 35

"Propaganda by deed" Terrorism. Trying to provoke ruling class into being tyrants. was a Russian revolutionary, philosopher, and theorist of collectivist anarchism.

Front 36

Charles Darwin

Back 36

Wrote "Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection." Beagle Voyage.

Front 37

Sigmund Freud

Back 37

Proposed that much of the human mind laid beneath the common level. His theory divided the mind into three sections, ID, EGO, & SUPER EGO

Front 38

Erasmus

Back 38

Wrote "In Praise of Folly" a funny book about church.
Vulgate translation in Latin.
Wondering Dutch scholar, writes Satire.

Front 39

John Colet

Back 39

Historical Interpretation, had a desire to get back to original meaning.
Bible was read in four ways:
Moral
Allegorical
Prophetical
Amagogical

Front 40

Tenochititlan

Back 40

Now a Mexican city. The sun god needed steady supply of human blood so they gathered their prisoners and tossed em over.

Front 41

Ottoman Empire

Back 41

Asia. Creates an army of kidnapped boys: Janossaries.

Front 42

Zheng He/Cheng Ho

Back 42

Ming Dynasty, China. Muslim unit, not Chinese.

Front 43

Alvarez

Back 43

Discovers Brazil, claims for Portugal.

Front 44

St. Francis Xaviar & Matteo Ricci

Back 44

Missionarys. Introduced and converted a small amount of Catholic Christianity to Asia. (China/India) Success at Chinese imperial court.

Front 45

Columbus

Back 45

Sailed the ocean blue! For Spanish.
Was rebuffed by Portuguese, as he was wrong about the length of the Earth.

Front 46

Alexander VI

Back 46

Treaty of Tordesillas(Newly discovered lands outside of Europe, divides world through the Atlantic)

Front 47

Hernan Cortes

Back 47

Conqures AZTEC EMPIRE.

Front 48

Pizarro Brothers

Back 48

Conqure Inca empire in Peru. Had a massive effect, turned the Americas upside down.

Front 49

Martin Luther

Back 49

Religious crisis sees god as always judging, wanted to be a laywer. Was spiritual tormented, however turned out to be a German monk, priest, professor of theology and seminal figure of the Protestant Reformation. He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money.
"One man with truth outweighs everything else."
95 theses and nailed them to the door of a church in Germany.

Front 50

Johann Tetzel

Back 50

German monk, salesman of indulgences. Sang a catchy jingle.

Front 51

Frederick the Wise

Back 51

One of the most powerful early defenders of Martin Luther, Lutheranism, and the Protestant Reformation.

Front 52

Charles V Habsburg

Back 52

Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria. From that point forward, his empire spanned nearly four million square kilometers across Europe, the Far East, and the Americas.
First king of Spain

Front 53

Andreas von Karlstadt

Back 53

Theolgen, noble birth. More radical than Luther
151 Theses in 1517

Front 54

Thomas Muntzer

Back 54

Prominent reform rebel leader(Peasants' War), spiritualist, believed the end of the world was near.

Front 55

Prince Arthur Tudor married to Katherine of Aragon

Back 55

He dies soon after the Anglican Reform(1490's).
Married her while they were both quite young.

Front 56

Henry VIII

Back 56

Brother to Prince Arthur Tudor. Falls in love with Katherine of Aragon, in order to marry her they require a DISPENSATION. They marry. She has miscarriages. He sought an annulment of his marriage to Catherine, making him free to marry again. Which he continued to do.
Six wives.

Front 57

Katherine of Aragon
1

Back 57

Widowed, than dumped by her second husband(Henry VIII) for his mistress.

Front 58

Anne Boleyn
2

Back 58

Henry VIII wanted her as his mistress, she would not. It was marry or nothing. So marry her he did. Had a daughter, Elizabeth. And two miscarriages.
She was found guilty of adultery(but really it was b/c she didn't have a boy), with little proof, and beheaded in 1536 at Tower Green.

Front 59

Thomas Cranmer

Back 59

Archbishop of Canterbury, Anne became a crowned and anointed Queen in a ceremony led by him. Convinces king to get rid of her after no son.
Burnt at stake by orders of Bloody Mary

Front 60

Jane Seymour
3

Back 60

Within 24 hours of Anne Boleyn's execution, Jane and Henry VIII were formally betrothed. Never had a coronation. Had a son named Edward. Died two weeks later.

Front 61

Anne of Cleves
4

Back 61

Henry VII had sent painters to capture images of potential wives, wrote up the contract, but open seeing her he was unhappy. She was not suited for life in his court, he had been trying to make foregin friends at the royal level. Their married was annulled six months later, quite peacefully.
Awared titled of "king's sister"

Front 62

Kathryn Howard
5

Back 62

Married Henry VII 16 days after annulment with Anne, she cheered him up, however two years later she was found guilty of adultery and executed on the Tower Green.
Catholic?

Front 63

Catherine Parr
6

Back 63

A protestant widow, whom Edward (Son of Henry VII) grows up with. Died giving birth to a daughter, Marry.(By Thomas Seymour whom she secretly married after Henrys death)

Front 64

Edward VI

Back 64

Son of Jane Seymour & Henry VIII. He was a sick child, with tuberculosis. Was a young king, died six years after becoming king.
Book of Common Prayer
Marries clergy
England turns to Protestantism.

Front 65

Lady Jane Gray

Back 65

Queen for nine days, coup/brought down by Mary, the true heir to the throne by the will of her father, Henry VIII

Front 66

"Bloody" Marry I

Back 66

Despite the coo of Jane Gray being a short queen, she is eventually awarded the crown.
Returns England to Catholicism(Big fight, takes a few years)
Marries Philip of Spain (much younger(son of Charles V) who is given Spain, Netherlands, Americas & Phillippines by his dad.
Burnt 300 protestants at the stake.
Burnt Cranmer at the stake(he was responsible for her mother's divorce)

Front 67

Elizabeth I

Back 67

Daughter of Anne Boleyn & Henry VIII
"Virgin Queen"
Restores protestantism
Cermonial bishops
Opposed by Putitans(want reform of church)
Supports European protestants
Gave men & money to religious wars.

Front 68

Ignatius Loyola

Back 68

Priest
Founded the Society of Jesus

Front 69

Charles V

Back 69

Raged war.
Retires and splits Empire, giving some to his brother and son.

Front 70

Ferdinand

Back 70

Brother of Charles V
Given Holy Roman Empire

Front 71

Czar Nicolas II

Back 71

Absolute ruler of the Russians during the revolution(1905)
Frightened into reform, puts democracy in place.
Deposed in 1917

Front 72

Alexander Kerensky

Back 72

Provisional democracy under him. Made two big mistakes
-Continues war
- Release political prisoners.

Front 73

Leon Trotsky

Back 73

Leading organizer of soviets
Came back from the west
according to Lenin, brilliant but too flashy.

Front 74

Stalin

Back 74

Comes from Serbia
Went to wrong seminary, became a sketchy man. Reads Marx. Expelled, moves on to being a low level thug in communist parties.
Editor of newspaper.
A

Front 75

Lenin

Back 75

Came back form Switzerland)– deliberately transported across Europe by Germans, trying to harm Russia with communism)
Wins Civil war?

Front 76

Bukharin

Back 76

Russian Marxist, Bolshevik revolutionary, and Soviet politician.
Smartest, but lack of initiative, according to Lenin to take over for him.

Front 77

Stalin(man of steel)
Josef Vissarionvich Dgugashuilli

Back 77

from a town in the mountains named "Georgia"
Too rude, lack of socialist skills according to Lenin.
All other prospects supported Stalin when Lenin died.

Front 78

Soleman the Magnificent

Back 78

Emperor who takes part in polygamy, having many sons, making them fight until the death for the throne. However, his maid wife convinces him to make their son Selene the next emperor.

Front 79

Sully

Back 79

Prime Minister of France alongside King Henry III

Front 80

Duc De Guise
(Henry I French)

Back 80

After the French throne
Murdered by Henry III

Front 81

King Henry of Navarre
Huguenot
Bourbon
IV of France

Back 81

Married to Margerite Valois
Part of 3 Henrys War.
The only one left after both are murdered.
Wars continue until he converts in 93.
Edict of Nante(Toleration by exhaustion, brings toleration of Protestant in France)
assassinated in 1610 by François Ravaillac, a fanatical Catholic.

Front 82

Henry III of France
Valois

Back 82

Murders Guise(On Chirstmas 1588)
Murdered 1589

Front 83

Louis XI

Back 83

Son of King Henry of Navarre(IV)
Continues toleration.
Homosexual, ignored wife.
King during the 3 musketeers

Front 84

Marie de' Medici

Back 84

Wife to Henry IV, mother of Louis XI who she was exiled by for mismanagement of the throne while she was overseeing his youth on the crown.

Front 85

Prime Minister Cardinal Richelieu

Back 85

Prime minister of France during the reign of Louis XI
Governed much of the kingdom of France under duty of the king.
Weakened protestantism & nobility, war against Protestant military
Increased tax power of king
Banned dueling, only nobles were allowed to.

Front 86

Louis XIV "God Given" (FRANCE)
Sun God

Back 86

Nickname b/c his mother, Anne of Austria had had 4 stillbirths before him.
He and his mother were close
When his father died he was put in power, young, so his mother acted on a council as his regent.
converted a hunting lodge built by Louis XIII into the spectacular Palace of Versailles
Bankrupts country
Wanted to be king of Spain

Front 87

King Carlos of Spain

Back 87

'Enchanted' = Mentally ill
last of Haspbury rulers

Front 88

James VI Scotland
James I England

Back 88

King of scotland, cousin to Elizabeth of England.
He takes over upon her death, becoming king of both Scotland & England
Protestent.
First male king of england since 1509
Wanted to be absolute, however england had a strong parliament, which he did not like.
New bible "King James Bible"
Unpopular King
Sells titles, invents "baront"(new nobility/inherited knighthood)
Homo~ Boyfriend gets to close to the throne.

Front 89

Charles I

Back 89

Son of James I of England/VI of Scotland