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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Christian Humanism
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1500, started rejecting science and reason and focused more on Christianity. Wanted to become better Christians not better humans.
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Protestant Reformation
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Basis was Erasmus's New Testament. Martin Luther wanted to reform church. Not revolutionary. Came up with Justification by faith alone. Mad that church was selling indulgences. Ninety-Five thesis, in 1513, Pope sent back Rebuttal, Luther burned it publicly.
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The New World
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Late 15th century-Mid 17th century. The expeditions to North America (Columbus) led to the discovery of gold led to the conquests (Cortez). Protestant reformation accelerated interest in new world (missionaries, finance).
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Enclosure Movement
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Too much food, prices declined, landowners couldn't make money. Put up fences and thus converted agricultural land to meadows for livestock (sheep). Resulted from population growth 16th century-18th century.
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The Thirty Years War
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1618, between Protestants and Catholics. Lasted so long because Atlantic States profited from it. All of fighting took place in Germany. Roughly 1/5 of German population died. Significance was how it was fought, first European-wide war, and first to use entirely modern weapons (gun-powder based).
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The Scientific Revolution
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16th and 17th centuries. Placed the sun at the center of the universe (Copernicus/heliocentric), discovered law of gravitation (Galileo), defied the inquisition and Islamic retreat from science, defied beliefs on desecration of the body (dissections).
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The Laviathan
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Written during English Civil War. One of the first examples of social contract theory. Argues for absolute sovereignty. Strong undivided government. Thought humans were inherently bad (pessimistic view on life)
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Absolutism
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17th century belief in giving absolute sovereign power to leaders in exchange for freedom. Essentially giving up freedom in exchange for freedom--protects people from themselves. Louis 14th-created palace of Versailles. Backed by mercantilism, which set economy as fixed and tangible, led to protectionism, the blocking of imports by tariff barriers.
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Enlightenment
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18th century. Sets economic, religious, political, social development set on paths dictated by reason and critical inquiry rather than by tradition and blind faith. Period of great tolerance (Jews). Enlightenment writers came to be known as the philosophes. Continued and broadened scientific revolution by carrying over scientific method of inquiry from functioning of natural world to functioning of humans,
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Encyclopedie
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1765, Diderot, utilitarian, optimistic. Made science and reason available to everyone, helped human condition.
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Voltaire
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Doubted essential goodness of mankind. Believed in possibility of human progress but directed by intellectuals. Saw laborers as degenerates.
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Rousseau
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Believed in goodness of ALL of mankind. Came from lower orders. Power of privileged came from enslavement and brutalization of the common man. "Mankind is born free" Simply sharing wealth is not enough, problem is concern for wealth and power civilized life creates.
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bourgeoisie
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well-to-do middle class. Large enough to carry out campaign of enlightenment. Grew rapidly relative to France's population growth.
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Estates General
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Resulted from reintroduction of parliament. A large amount of doubt, amidst taxations by upper class and famines in lower class. Legislature made up of three estates. First-Nobility, Second-Clergy, Third-Working class.
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Third Estate
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Made of commoners. Lost vote on taxation. As representatives gather in Paris, third estate was barred from admission. Thus they proclaimed themselves sole legitimate government of France, and began to write new constitution. Wanted to establish constitutional monarchy that abolished aristocratic privilege. By end of 18th century National Assembly (third estate movement) stormed Bastille and freed political prisoners, abolished feudalism, created declaration of rights of man, stole and sold lands in nation to clear national debt. Most commoners did nothing for fear of other nobility. Led to Committee for public safety headed by Robespierre.
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Committee for Public Safety
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Purged the new government's ranks of individuals and parties whose loyalty to radical cause was suspect. Led to Reign of Terror.
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Reign of Terror
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1792, Robespierre and Public Safety engineered arrest of 300k frenchmen and women in only 9 months, 40k were executed.
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Declaration of Rights of Women
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1791, based on Declaration of Rights of man, sought to expose failure of French Revolution with inconsistent laws that treated citizens different based on sex, race, class, or religion.
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Report of Public Morality
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Robespierre 1794, terror is necessary in revolution. Would have made Machiavelli proud. In context of national emergency-Revolution was endangered by foreign invasion, plots of aristocrats, and internal dissension.
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Napoleon
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Abilities as military commander made him obvious choice to take over government. Successfully ridded France of internal conflicts and foreign invaders. Overhauled nearly every aspect of French civil life, rewrote constitution, enshrined notion of egalitarianism, created most fair and comprehensive taxation system at the time, abolished all feudal and local customs, enacted systematic law code. Stressed individuals' right to property, standardizing legal structure for contracts, leases, and established stock corporations. Prohibited creation of merchant guilds, industrial cartels, and trade unions. Had no interest in things he did not understand which led to military defeat and eventual downfall. Continental system and urbanism.
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Industrial Revolution.
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19th century. Resulted from population growth, improvements in food and production and advances in medicine. Unemployment was new development.
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Congress of Vienna
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1815, statesmen represented more than 200 separate states and princely houses, wanted to turn back clock. Favored return of monarchical government. Continental system had enough support that majority of people wanted move ahead into new economical world opened up by Britain.
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Romanticism
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Most pervasive and cultural phenomenon in first half of 19th century. Believed in goodness of humans. Artistic, literary, intellectual movement. Reaction against aristocratic and political norms of enlightenment movement. Validated intense emotion as authentic source.
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Conservatism
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Values tradition and stability above the individual.
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Royalism and Nationalism
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Wanted strong centralized and professional bureaucracies backed by tradition. Need to industrialize worked against this.
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Liberalism
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Regards primary function of government to be the promotion of freedom instead of order.
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Laissez-faire capitalism
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Capitalism without government intervention to secure freedom of every individual to do as they saw fit. Backed by liberalism.
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Proletariat (Those who smell)
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Great mass of laborers, skilled and unskilled, working long, rigorously enforced shifts in factories.
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Communist Manifesto
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Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx. Believed in goodness of humans. Root of human conflict is conflict over things (historical materialism).
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Nationality
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Resulted from romanticism, more than mere patriotism, suggests a collective consciousness, a growing awareness that the members of an individual nation-group share a depth of feelings, values, and attitudes toward the world.
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Cult of Domesticality
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Effort to push women out of the job market and back into the home. Resulted from millions of women across Europe upset by new industrial cruelties and old social biases, who had high optimism in 19th century at prospect of reformed and enlightened society that would value them.
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Antisemitism
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Result of nationalism. Suspicion of Jews for rapid success. Zionism-result of tension in new efforts to establish a Jewish State based on Jews' unique claim to Holy Land, and recognition that they would never be fully accepted by Western society. Similar thing occurring with Islamics.
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De-Christianization
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Occurring during French Revolution. Originally attacked Catholicism but then Christianity as a whole. Wanted to take Church's land, remove statuses, destroy crosses and Christian symbols.
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Social question/problem
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Resulted from Industrial Revolution and population growth. A lot of unemployment and distress in proletariat.
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What is a Nation
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1882, Ernest Renan, nations are based as much on what they forget, as what they remember.
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Signs of the times
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1829, Thomas Carlyle, Age of machinery values commodities over human beings.
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Question 1
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First asks about your beliefs as romantic or philosophe (see those notecards). America today is good in that we have a lot of freedom and we are very artistic/literary. Bad because we don't value individual and human goodness as much. (make up some BS on that as your basis)
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Question 2
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French Revolution led to democracy, valuing opinion of lower class. Our constitution is based on theirs. Napoleon upheld this in making good laws on taxation and such and in his belief that killing is justified for a cause, did not because he did not care for things he didn't understand.
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Question 3
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Revolutionary because of the advances and population growths, changed day-to-day living because they became materialistic and introduced unemployment and competition. Marx would have interpreted it as bad since it fed the historical materialism.
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Question 4
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Just meant citizenship but evolved to mean a collective consciousness in terms of values, beliefs, goals, etc.
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