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64 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Mesoamericans
Natives of the Mexico and Central America area. They domesticated squash, beans, corn and potatoes.
The Columbian Exchange
A widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations (slaves), communicable disease, technology and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres. This flourished both hemispheres.
Diamond, G, G, &S (Why Europeans concurred it so easily)
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Aztecs
Certain ethnic group in Central Mexico. Dominated much of Mesoamerica. Multireligious, multilinguistic, multiethnic.
Incas
Located in Cusco (Peru).
Portuguese Colonialism
Jesuits converted many Native Americans to Christianity
Conquistadores
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Cortes
Became rich thanks to several labor grants. Was asked to lead an expedition to trade in the Yucatan. Instead he took way more men then he should have and headed to Tobasco where they won thanks to military advancement in equipment.

He then conquered the Aztec Empire.
Pizzaro
Relative of Cortes. Came from wealth but rose to nobility. Conquered the Incas. Conquered Atahulapa in less than an hour.
Diseases
Destroyed most of the Incas
Protestantism in New England
Led to the founding of Harvard. Religion was diversified early on in New England. They ranged from Protestantism to Anglicanism and Catholic.
Martin Luther
Was a good Catholic. He was from the middle class. Believed that faith alone would get you to heaven. Spoke out against sales of indulgences. Salvation was to be by faith alone. People were outraged. Tried to arrest Luther.

Luther is excommunicated and escapes with the help of his friend Prince Fredrick the wise.
95 Theses
Luther wrote a letter with 95 theses in which he branded the indulgences and other matters as contrary to scripture.
Sacraments
An outward and physical sign of an inward and spiritual grace.
Faith vs. Faith and Good Works
Faith alone gets you to heaven as opposed to faith and good works buying you into heaven.
Selling of indulgences
Buying your way out of purgatory
Counter Reformation
Payment for indulgences is phased out and other church practices considered to be corrupt. Counter Reformation was an effort to gain back lapsed Catholics. Spain and France supported this as the popes reaffirmed the doctrines of faith with good works..
30 Years War
Fought mostly in Central Europe involving most countries in Europe. Religious war between Protestants and Catholics.
John Calvin
Wasn't worried about salvation, but glorifying God. Helped create Calvinism. Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion. Predestination.
Predestination
God has planned each human prior to birth for heaven or hell.
Puritans
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Causes of English
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Copernicus
Monk. Searching for simplicity. The earth is not stationary.
On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres
Written by Copernicus. Offers an alternate model of the universe.
Galileo
-Starry messenger
-Inertia-
-Dialogue of the Two Chief Systems of the World
-Church's response via Inquisition and was put on house arrest due to theory
Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
Written by Galileo
Newton
-calculus
-the composition of light
-telescope
-Three laws of motion (inertia, force, reaction)
-Principia (gravity)
Heliocentric vs. Geocentric
heliocentric is sun centered model where geocentric is earth centered model
Absolutism
Theory of the state in which the unlimited power of the king under God is emphasized.

-Monarch controls the state
-no constitution
-King Louis
Louis
-Centralization of power

-images of authority

-Pallace of Versailles

-Centralized power and military
Versailles
-Housed 3,000 people

-280 acres

-kept an eye on nobility

-created a system of privileged he controlled

-the more you were seen there, the more you get
Centralization
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Catherine the Great
-had many lovers
-known for reforms
-Smolny Institute
-failed to free serfs
-added new agricultural
-farmers loved her as well as middle class
-required roads and bridges built, had a fire team
Bourgeoisie- aspiring middle class
Russia
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Fredrick the Great
-Promotes ideas of reason, religious tolerance
-built canal
-granted freedom of the press
-rebuilt towns, roads
Prussia
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Enlightened policies
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Despotic Policies
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Slave Trade Origins
-shrinking Indian population
-Portuguese growing slave industry
-European Imperialism (established trade of slaves in port cities)
-Portuguese African chiefs did not resist, they participated
Trade forts
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Middle Passage
Slave route from Africa to the Americas
Slave Ships
-300 prisoners inspected and loaded
-ship was 100' by 25'
-2 to 3 feet of headroom
-filthy, diseased
-little time above board
-2 million people died during the voyage
Chattel Slavery
Slaves were literal property to their owners. They were held in the same status as animals.
How did Louis XIV personify Enlightened Despotism
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•What aspects of their states did enlightened absolutists attempt to reform and which did they leave alone?
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•What did leaders in Eastern Europe do to mimic Louis XIV? How did the succeed and fall short?
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•Explore John Calvin’s notion of Predestination
God has predestined each human prior to birth for heaven or hell. Believers could only hope, through faith alone that sometime during a life of moral living they would receive a glimpse of their fate.
•What political and spiritual argument did Martin Luther have with the Catholic Church?
After an increase in sales of indulgences in his area, he wrote the 95 Theses in which he branded the indulgences and other matters as contrary to scripture. This let to the Protestant Reformation. Sales of indulgences declined because of this.
•What were the causes behind the 30 years war?
Most think the 30 Years war was started over religious disputes. At the time Lutheran Protestants had become the state religion in a majority of the largest German states. The major issue was whether Lutheran or Catholicism was to be the major religion
•What intellectual ideas led to the new scientific point of view that led to the heliocentric model of the universe
Algebra, geometry and physics played a key role in the heliocentric model. These three subjects led to the invention of the telescope which led to the controversial theory of a heliocentric universe.
•How and why did the church respond to the Scientific Revolution?
The church did not respond well to the scientific revolution. They often would place scientists on house arrest or exiled for making their theories public. They responded this way in fear of losing their authority over the people as they were the head authorities at that time.
•Who were three scientists that challenged the Ptolemaic world view? How?
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•How did Spanish treatment of natives differ from how British Colonist treated natives?
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•Contrast Spanish exploration from Portuguese exploration
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•How did Bacon’s rebellion lead to a change in slave policy in Virginia?
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•What were the consequences of the slave trade on Africa
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•What was the Atlantic Trade Triangle (provide specifics) and what were the global consequences?
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•How did Bacon’s rebellion lead to a change in slave policy in Virginia?
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•What role did tobacco play in the settlement of the Chesapeake Bay?
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•How did the concept of slavery evolve in the 17th and 18th centuries in the British Colonies? What specific events led to this change?
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•What were some of the strengths of the Mughal rulers? What were their greatest weaknesses?
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•What are the religious hurdles that the Mughals had to deal with as the spread throughout northern India?
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•What was the purpose of the Sino-Manchu diarchy?
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•Compare and contrast Chinese and Japanese authorities react to European Intrusions
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