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30 Cards in this Set
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Humanism |
1550 A realization of the capacity and importance of man - learning what is human • Man seen as important on his own • Enjoyment of the world Civic Humanism - New goal is for complete citizen |
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Dante Alighieri |
(1265-1321) • Florentine • A “father of the Renaissance” • Divine Comedy (Inferno, Purgatorio, Paradiso) - introspective view on church |
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Michelangelo |
1475-1564 • Painter • Sculptor • Architect • Engineer • Saw nature as an enemy to overcome - Pieta, sistine chapel - Italian |
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Leonardo da Vinci |
1452-1519 • The Renaissance Man • Scientist and Engineer as well as artist, though he hid much of his work - Mona Lisa, Last Supper, Sketch books |
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Martin Luther |
•1483-1546 •Posted his 95 Theses to the Catholic church door in Wittenberg •Concerned with indulgences and the authority of the Church • Christ’s REAL presence was a miracle • Faith makes miracles happen, not priests -Holy Roman Empire |
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John Calvin |
•1509-1564 •French theologian
•Predestination •Restores the sovereignty of God over authority of Church, God is spiritually present - France |
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Ulrich Zwingli |
•1484-1531 •Based in Zurich, Sweden •Inspired by Erasmus and Humanists • Christ was only symbolically present |
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Charles V |
•Holy Roman Emperor (1519-1558) •King of Spain (1516-1556) •Combatted Protestant Reformation •Overseas Christianization - Called Council of Trent |
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Ignatius Loyola |
•1491-1556, Spain •Founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) •Answering directly to Pope, Jesuits directed (re)conversion attempts |
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Edict of Nantes |
April 30 1598 |
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Thirty Years’ War |
1618-1648 -Politics > religion-Ends with Treaty of Westphalia - France on top -weaker empirical power - Between Sweden, France, Spain, and Austria (top powers) |
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Witch Hunt |
1450-1750 • 40,000-100,000 executed • 60% female, 40% male • Last executions: 1700's – England – Empire – Switzerland |
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Louis XIV |
France (r. 1661-1715) - divine right - End of religious toleration • Used torture, bribes to force conversions
- Repealed Edict of Nantes |
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Glorious Revolution |
-1688-1689, England -Continued clashes with Parliament lead to constitutional monarchy - Deposition of James II - Opposition to catholic succession |
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Thomas Hobbes |
1588-1679, England Leviathan –Government must be coercive -Social contract theory |
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John Locke |
1632-1704, England Two Treatises on Government –Man is a blank slate (tabula rasa) –Government requires consent of the governed |
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Montesquieu |
(1689-1755), France • The Spirit of the Laws –Separation of Powers / Checks and Balances - Believed in ‘Enlightened Absolutism’ |
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Sir Francis Bacon |
1561-1626, England • Advisor & Attorney General for James I • Father of the Scientific Method |
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Copernicus |
1473-1543, Poland • Used mathematics to support heliocentric theory • Praised by Pope Clement VII; attacked by Protestants - Contributed scientific revolution |
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Galileo Galilei |
1564-1642 • Rejected blind adherence to authority; - used quantitative methods • Brought to trial over heliocentric theory which the papacy bans |
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Sir Isaac Newton |
1642-1727, England • Invented calculus • Unified theory • 3 universal laws of motion • Law of gravity |
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The Enlightenment |
1685-1815, Britain, France, Europe •Produced essays, books, inventions, etc. •Optimism and tolerance (except for those who disagree) •Key element behind American & French revolutions |
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Seven Years’ War |
1754-1763 (the French & Indian War) •Conflict over British, French claims to the Ohio country •Caused global tension Fighting in Europe, Americas, India |
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St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre |
August 30 1598
Huguenots granted rights in France Open tolerance |
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Huguenots |
French Calvinist 1530's France |
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Indulgences |
15th century Written assurances from the Pope that the recipient had done the good deed promised, it would count as penance in purgatory -used to be for contributions to public works -raise donations for papacy |
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Society of Jesus |
1491 founded, Spain - loyal to pope - tried setting up missionaries in Africa and Asia - Jesuits - Spearheaded reform |
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King James I |
r. 1603-1625, England -Son of Mary Queen of Scots, catholic - Authorized a limited puritan influenced bible |
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Military Revolution |
(circa 1560) - Armies became more expensive - Supplies better |
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Tsar Peter the Great |
1672-1725 - Est. Saint Petersburg as second capital - Westernization - Economic growth & centralization |
