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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Islam
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"Submission"
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Muhammad (570-632) “The Prophet”
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Prophet
Born in Mecca Grew up as a Carrivan guide Married a woman who was rich Thought of religious things Had visions in his meditation Earthy knowledge is the spirit of Islam An angel tells him to “recite” Mecca becomes his hometown |
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Mecca & Ka’aba Stone
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Becomes Muhammad’s hometown
Ka’aba Stone was said to absorb sin when touched, turning it from a beige to dark color Said it became dark due to the sins taken in Kicked out of Mecca, moves to Medina |
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Medina
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Completes a faith outline and converts many people with his following
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Five Pillars of Faith
Creed |
There is only one God
Muhammad is his last and greatest prophet |
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Five Pillars: Ritual Prayer
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Facing the direction of Mecca, bowing with forehead touching the ground
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Five Pillars: Almsgiving
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The idea of sharing everything you have with everybody
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Five Pillars: Fasting – Ramadan
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Celebrates Muhammad’s original visions
Don’t eat during the day Eat at night, but only in moderation |
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Pilgrimage to Mecca (optional)
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An optional pillar, since it could become expensive
Days long event that showed Muhammad’s visions |
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Jihad
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The concept of Holy War or spreading faith through the infidel
Considered to be the last of the 6th pillar |
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Abu Bakr – “caliph”
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“Caliph” refers to a political / military leader (not a prophet)
Helps spread tradition of religion |
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Sh’ite / Sunni split
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Sh’ites considered the more conservative of the two
Don’t approve of Abu Bakr, because they believed the follower of Muhammad should have been his son. Cater to the traditional sides of life (in dress, life customs) Sunni considered the more liberal of the two Accept changes in custom Approve of the “caliph” idea and of Abu |
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Merovingians (500’s – 700’s)
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First of the royal families
Thought to have been started by Clovis Considered the first ruler of the Franks Continue as French kings into 700s Didn’t do the real work as king The real responsibility fell on the king’s assistant(s) |
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“Mayor of the Palace”
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The real person in charge, making decisions
Admin of the king’s household The King’s right hand man |
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Charles “the Hammer” Martel
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Duke of the Franks
De facto ruler of Frankish Realms |
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Battle of Poitiers (Tours) 732
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Struggles between the Muslims & French that lasted in more than one battle
Martel manages to stop the Muslims from invading, becomes a hero Given the name “The Hammer” |
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Jabal-al-Tarik
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Crossed the Muslims into Spain
Helped establish the Strait of Gibraltar |
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Peppin (Pepin) “the Short”
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Charles Martel’s son
Wants to become king instead of Mayor of the Palace Does a favor for the Pope, who takes away from the Merovingian’s blessings Crowned as King of the French |
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Carolingians – 751
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Dealt with Martel and his family
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Charlemagne (768 – 814)
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Considered to be the greatest of the Carolingians
Son of Peppin Given the name Charles the Great |
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Charlemagne: Military expansion – Spanish March, etc.
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Extends France’s borders into the north, east, and south
Created the Spanish March (buffer territory between France and Spain) |
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Charlemagne: Political / administrative – “counts” and secretaries
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Divided the state into subdivisions and provinces
Creates a bureacracy Appoints “counts” who are to be loyal to him Secret spies were made to make sure the counts did their job |
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Charlemagne: Education / culture – schools, Aachen, Einhard
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Created schools for his children
Aachen becomes his new capital A dedicated servant and friend to Charlemagne, wrote his a biography for him (The Life of Charlemange) |
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Charlemagne: “Holy Roman Emperor” – Christmas, 800
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Crowned Holy Roman Emperor on Christmas (December 25, 800)
Considered a reward from the Pope |
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Louis “the Pious” (814 – 842)
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Son of Charlemagne
Inherits the throne Looked at as a disappointment in following his father, and as a king Disinterested in politics At his death, he divided 3 chunks to his sons to inherit |
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Treaty of Verdun (843)
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Official paperwork that split the Roman Empire into 3 chunks
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Lothair – Holy Roman Empire
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Given the central slice of the empire
Crowned Holy Roman Emperor |
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Feudal System – definition
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With the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire, it’s a replacement to a strong central government
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Lord – vassal
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“Lord” refers to somebody who gives control of property
“Vassals” are those who receive the property |
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Subinfeudation
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The passing down of responsibility, control, etc. to the vassals
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Manor
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A farm
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Serf
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A feudal farmer/commoner
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“Feudal stool”
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Feudalism replaces the government
Tells the people their role in the social / political ladder |
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Tracle revival – Italian cities
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Cities in Italty and trade towns
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Burg, Burgher, Charter
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“Burghers” ran the trade cities/towns
Often times were large traders “Charters” were a way to gain land from a king |
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Trade guilds
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Set up rules for trade
Economic organizations of traders Traders had to join a guild to trade |
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Craft guilds
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Managed quality of goods
Regulated prices Trained craftsman |
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Apprentice
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The starting point for a craftsman
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Journeyman
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A day workman
Begins to gain his craft |
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Master – Masterpiece
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Were prescribed products that the guild wanted them to make (a masterpiece)
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Universities: Trivium
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Foundation of 1st degree
Consisted of 3 courses |
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Universities: Quadrivium
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4 courses
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Scholasticism
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The theme of the universities
Looked at the past and acquired knowledge from there |
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Peter Abelard (1079 – 1142) Sic et Non
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A French scholastic philosopher who saw what people had to say in the past on certain subjects
Known for his relationship with Heloise, where he was eventually castrated |
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Thomas Aquinas (1225 – 1274) Summa Theologica
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An Italian philosopher and theologian and accessed the past views of God
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Troubaclour poetry
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Popular piece of literature
Dealt with Love as the primary message |
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Chanson de geste
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heroic epic
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Romanesque Architecture
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Architecture that reflected Rome
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Gothic Architecture
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Pointed arch
Stained glass “Flying buttress” |
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Danelaw
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The collapse of feudalism
Given to the Danish, used as part of England |
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King Canute of Denmark (1016)
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Took all the land
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Edward the Confessor
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Died in 1066
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Witan
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The council that selected the next kings
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Harold Godwinson
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Chosen by the witan
Was challenged and killed by William I in the Battle of Hastings The last of the crowned Anglo Saxon King of England |
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Battle of Hastings (1066)
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Battle between the Normans and the Anglo-Saxons, in which the Normans were victorious.
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Domesday Book (1086)
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A census conducted by William I to see who owned land in order to tax them
It was the law, and there was no appeal |
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Henry II (1154-1189)
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Got rid of tax farming
Created the exchequer |
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Exchequer, Pipe Rolls
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“Exchequer” was in charge of management and collection of revenues
Pipe rolls were the tax records collected |
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Writ, Jury, “common law,” etc.
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“Writ” was a legal order to do something. (Warrants, subpoenas, etc.)
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Constitutions of Clarendon
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Legislative procedure by Henry II to legislate in areas where the Church was heavily predominant.
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Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury
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Involved in a conflict with Henry II over the rights and privileges of the Church
Threatened to be kicked out of the Church by the Pope at one point Assassinated by followers of the king in Canterbury Cathedral |
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John I (1199-1216)
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King of England that was not very well liked
Forced to sign the Magna Carta by barons that turned against him |
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Magna Carta (1215)
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“The Great Charter”
The most significant early influence on constitutional law today |