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78 Cards in this Set
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Roman Empire |
Period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors, and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa, and Asia.
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Octavian
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Senate acclaims him as imperator.
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Augustus
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Founder of the Roman Empire and its first Emperor, ruling from 27 BC until his death in 14 AD.
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Constitutional Settlement (27 BC)
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Macedonia was under the Senate's jurisdiction.
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Princeps/Principate
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Octavian is known as the princeps (first citizen) and his successors are refferred to as the principates.
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Accomplishments
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The Roman Army, The Roman Empire, The Twelve Tables, etc.
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Pax Romana (27 BC to 180 AD)
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The Roman Peace. Period of relative peace and minimal expansion by military force experienced by the Roman Empire. Established by Augustus.
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Julio-Claudian Dynasty/Nero
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The Dynasty that usually refers to the first five Roman Emperors: Augustus, Tiberius, Gaius, Claudius, and Nero.
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Vespasian: Colosseum
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He gained the principate. His reign marked the beginning of the Flavian dynasty. He had the Colosseum of Rome constructed for gladiatorial contests. He also had nationalist uprisings put down in Gaul and Judea.
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Jewish Rebellion (
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-70 AD)
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Rebellion against Roman Rule in Judea. The First Jewish Revolt was the result of a long series of clashes in which small groups of Jews offered sporadic resistance to the Romans.
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Vesuvius: Pompeii and Herculaneum (79)
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Eruption that devastated these two towns.
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Nerva (96-98)
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Introduced a wise practice that would endure until A.D. 180: he adopted as his son and designated as his heir a man with proven ability, Trajan, the governor of Upper Germany.
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Trajan (98-117)
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Eased the burden of taxation in the provinces, provided for the needs of poor children, and had public works built. Conquered Dacia. Seized vast quantities of silver and gold.
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Dacia/Column
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A figurative chronicle for capturing the wars between Romans and Dacians. It also became the Emperor's tomb, after the Trajan's death.
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Hadrian (117-138)
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Trajan's successor. Strengthened border defenses in Britain and fought the second Hebrew revolt in Judea. Hadrian's wall, Britain.
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Second Jewish Revolt (132-5)
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Jewish rebellion against Roman rule in Judaea. The revolt was preceded by years of clashes between Jews and Romans in the area.
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Antoninus Pius (138-161)
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Introduced humane and just reforms: limits on the right of masters to torture their slaves to ob-tain evidence and the establishment of the princi-ple that an accused person be considered innocent until proven guilty. Empire remained peaceful during his reign.
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Laws
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Marcus Aurelius (161-180)/Meditations
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Emperor, philosopher. His Meditations eloquently expressed Stoic thought.
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Five Good Emperors
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Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius.
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Commodus
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Aurelis' son. Aurelis chose him to succeed him. Pax Romana came to an end.
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Roman Rule: Military
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Roman emperors did not use military force needlessly but fought for sensible political goals.
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Government
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Engineering
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Romans excelled in engineering. Roads, aqueducts, bridges.
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Roads
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Romans built the finest _____ in the ancient world. Designed by military engineers.
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Harbors
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Aqueducts
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Carried water to Roman cities. Used gravity for water flow.
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Baths
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Roman communal activity conducted in public facilities that resembled modern-day spas/clubs.
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Sewage
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Running ware flushed from toilets to a central channel then to main system and into a river.
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Trade and Travel
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This increased massively after the invasion of Emperor Claudius. Roman roads made this a lot easier.
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Law and Order
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Cities/Urbanization
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Citizenship
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Slaves
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Terribly abused; they were often mutilated, thrown to wild beasts, crucified, or burned alive.
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Women
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A woman could own property and, if divorced, keep her dowry. A father could no longer force his daughter to marry against her will. Women could make business arrangements and draw up wills without the consent of their husbands.
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"World community" Cosmopolitanism
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Saw themselves as spreading civilization, will unite the civilized world all together.
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Rome and Hellenism
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Virgil: Aeneid
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A literary epic of national glory. The profoundest ideas and feelings expressed in the poem are Roman virtues— patriotism, devotion to the family, duty to the state, and a strong sense of religion.
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Livy: History of Rome
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Roman historian who wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people. Glorified Roman character, customs, and deeds.
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Tacitus: Histories, and Annals, Germania
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Tacitus denounced Roman emperors and the imperial system in his Histories and Annals. In Germania, he turned his sights on the habits of the Germanic peoples, describing the Germans as undisciplined but heroic, with a strong love of freedom.
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Philosophy: Stoicism
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The principal philosophy of the Pax Romana. It's leading exponents were Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius. Romes early Stoics saw the universe as governed by reason, and they esteemed the human intellect. They sought the highest good in this world, not in an afterlife.
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And Christianity
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Born within the Roman Empire and was greatly influenced by Roman law and organization.
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Ptolemy: Almagest
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Mathematician, geographer, and astronomer who worked at Alexandria. His book summed up antiquity's knowledge of astronomy. Believed that the moon, sun, and planets circled around the motionless Earth.
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Galen
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Investigated medicine and anatomy. Attempted a rational investigation of the body's working parts.
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Portraiture
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Roman sculptors realistically carved every detail of a subjects face: unruly hair, prominent nose, lines and wrinkles, a jaw that showed weakness or strength.
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Architecture
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By using arches, vaults, and domes, the Romans built structures with large, magnificent interiors.
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Law/Natural Law
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Roman jurists identified the jus gentium with the ________.
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Nero (54-68)
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First persecuted the Christians.
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Citizenship 212 AD
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Everyone now has rights for citizenship.
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Impact Modern Legal Systems
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Justice is a constant, unfailing disposition to give everyone his legal due. No one is compelled to defend a cause against his will. No one suffers a penalty for what he thinks. In the case of major offenses it makes a dif-ference whether something is committed purposefully or accidentally. In inflicting penalties, the age . . . of the guilty party must be taken into account.
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Chariot Races/Circus Maximus
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Gala events in which the most skillful riders and the finest and best trained stallions raced in an atmosphere of rabid excitement.
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Gladiators
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Most were slaves or commended criminals, some were volunteers.
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Eastern Religious Movements
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Plotinus/Neo-Platonism
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Religious yearnings were transformed into a religious system that transcended reason.
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Third Century Crisis
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Degeneration of the army. Military mutiny and civil war raged as legion fought legion.
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Army/Emperors
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235-285 Chaos
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Military anarchy; Germanic incursions.
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Germanic Invasions
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Roman Empire was plunged into military anarchy, raided by Germanic tribes, and burdened by economic dislocations.
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Effects
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Invasions, civil war, rising prices, a debased coinage, declining agricultural production, disrupted transportation, and the excessive demands of the state caused economic havoc and famine in the cities.
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Diocletian
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Split Empire into two. Became more of a dictator. Tried to gain control over everything.
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Policies
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Death of Principate/Despotic Monarchy
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Wage/Price/Status Control
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Division of Empire
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Constantinople
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Capital city of the Roman Empire.
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Huns/Visigoths
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Nomadic people from Central Asia, swept across the plains of Russia and with their formidable cavalry put pressure on the Visigoths.
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Adrianople, 378
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Visigoth vs Roman Forces. This battle signified that Rome could no longer defend its borders.
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Rome, 410
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The Visigoths looted Rome
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5th Century Decline
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The Western Empire had fragmented into separate Germanic kingdoms.
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Attila the Hun, 451
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"The Scourge of God." led his Huns into Gaul, where he was defeated by a coalition of Germans and the remnants of the Roman army.
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476, Odoacer/End of Western Empire
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German officers overthrew the Roman emperor Romulus and placed this fellow German on the throne.
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Eastern Empire survives
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Reasons for fall in West:
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The Role of the Germanic Tribes, Spiritual Considerations, Political and Military Considerations, Economic Considerations.
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Moral/Religious
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Political/Military
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Barbarian units serving with the Roman army under their own commanders did not easily submit to traditional discipline or training.
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Economic
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Factors contributing to the decline of the Roman Empire in the west were a decrease in population, failure to achieve a breakthrough in technology, the heavy burden of taxation, and economic decentralization, which abetted political decentralization. Population in the Empire shrank. Cities in Britain, Gaul, Germany, and Spain lay abandoned.
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Legacy
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Idea of a world empire united by a common law and effective government never died. Rome strengthened the foundations of the Western cultural tradition. From Latin came Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian.
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Constantine
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Brought the East and West together. Created the new center of the Eastern Roman Empire.
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