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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Etruria
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area the Etruscans settled in, N of Rome
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Etruscans
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had the greatest influence on the initial development of Rome
construction- Sacred Way adopted Greek alphabet |
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Consul
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chief executive officers of Rome
2 chosen annually administer government and lead army in battle |
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Imperium
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right to command troops that belonged to consuls and praetors
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Praetor
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Roman executive official responsible for the administration of the law
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Dictator
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Roman official granted unlimited power for a short time
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Quaestor
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Roman officials responsible for administration of financial affairs
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Aedile
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Roman officials who supervised public games and grain supply
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Censor
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Roman official chosen every 5 years to assess property holdings to determine taxes, military service, and office holding
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Roman Senate
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select group of about 300 men who served for life
advised magistrates and met continuously |
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patricians
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descended from original senate members
wealthy land owners |
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plebeians
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poorer Roman class
had fewer rights |
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Tribune of the Plebs
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protected Plebeians against arrest by Patricians
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Twelve Tables of Law
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450 BC
outlined all aspects of Roman laws published at frustration of plebeians not knowing their rights and laws Plebeians realized great disadvantage they had |
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Canulein Law
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445 BC
allowed intermarriage between patricians and plebeians, which caused the divisions to be less severe |
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Licinian-Sextian Laws
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granted plebeians right to be a consul
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Hortensian Law
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287 BC
theoretically granted all Roman citizens equal rights |
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3 Punic Wars
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1 Punic war (264 BC)- Rome conquered Sicily and eventually Corsica and Sardinia
2 Punic war- Rome took over Spain 3 Punic War (146)- Rome blows out Carthage |
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Hannibal
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took over Carthaginian policy in 221
pressed on to 2nd Punic War by attacking Saguntum |
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Scipio Africanus
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commanded Roman force in Spain
learned from Hannibal's mistakes and drove Carthage out of Spain |
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Pontex Maximus (Chief Pontiff)
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controlled state religion
first Julius Caesar, then all following emperors |
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Vestal Virgins
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6 girls between ages of 6-10
guarded fire on state hearth in Temple of Vesta |
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Latifundia
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large landed estates worked by huge gangs of slaves living in poor conditions
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Slavery
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common institute, used for all sorts of jobs
slaves were poorly treated and had many revolts |
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Spartacus
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Thracian gladiator who led slaves in revolt in S Italy
killed after defeating many Roman armies |
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Gracchus Brothers
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Tiberius (163-133 BC)- believed underlying cause of Rome's problems was the decline of small farmers, had conservative reforms, and redistributed land
Gaius (153-121 BC)- killed because of continued efforts at reforms |
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Marius
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157-86BC
commanded army in Africa, ended Jugurthine War, defeated Celts Military reforms- took all kinds of volunteers, swore oath to general, placed lots of power in the hands of a general |
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Sulla
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member of the nobles, led military
many troops killed by Marius restored power to senate showed how an army could be used to seize power |
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Pompey
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106-48BC
fought for Sulla, given military command in Spain restored power of tribunes-undid Sulla's work cleared Med. Sea of pirates part of 1st Triumvarite with Caesar and Crassus fled to Greece and raised a new army, defeated by Caesar in Battle of Pharsalus and fled to his death in Egypt |
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Caesar
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100-44BC
pursued political power by appealing to Marius' followers able to pay off all debts through earnings with wars became dictator for life in 47BC initiated a process of Romanization |
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Octavian/Augustus
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adopted son of Caesar
formed 2nd Triumvirate with Mark Antony and Marcus Lepiclus, which ruled Rome and restored Sulla's policy of proscription Took W part of Roman Empire, and smashed Antony's army at Battle of Actium in 31BC |
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Antony
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Caesar's ally and assistant
partnered with Octavian took E part of Roman Empire married Octavia, left her, and married Cleopatra |
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Principate
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system of rule established by Augustus that conveyed the idea of a constitutional monarch as a coruler with the senate
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Praetorian Guard
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about 9000 men who guarded the person of the princeps
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Arminius
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German tribal leader who had Roman citizenship and served in Roman auxiliary forces
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Morality Reforms of Augustus
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thought increased luxury undermined frugality and simplicity
limited money for feasts, revisited tax laws and made adultery illegal |
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Virgil
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70-19BC
"The Aeneid" believed ruling was Rome's gift |
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Horace
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65-8BC
Augustan poet, friend of Virgil "Follies and Vices of his age" he held a simple life, good friends, and countryside most dear |
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Ovid
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43BC-18AD
great poet liked to ridicule old Roman values banished and died in exile because of sex scandal |
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Livy
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59BC-17AD
perceived history in terms of moral greatness |
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Tacitus
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Roman historian
believed history had a moral purpose part of senate |
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Tiberius
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14-37
one of Julio-Claudian emperors general and able administrator involved the senate |
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Caligula
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37-41
grandnephew of Tiberius tyrannical behaviors indulged passions and wanted to be hailed as a god assassinated by praetorian guard |
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Claudius
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41-54
One of the Julio-Claudian Emperors Added Britain intelligent paralytic |
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Nero
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54-68
neglected military because he focused on the arts worked with Seneca committed suicide |
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Vespian
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69-71
Flavian emperor commander of E legions, established himself as ruler showed that it's not necessary to be an emperor from an ancient aristocratic family reestablished economy |
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Flavian Emperors
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Vespian
Titus Domitian |
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Five Good Emperors
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ruled with respect, cooperation with senate, ended executions, maintained peace and supported domestic policies.
Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pius, Marcus Aurelius |
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Nerva
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96-98
chosen by senate after Domitian's assassination |
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Trajan
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98-117
acceptable to army 1st emperor born outside of Italy established program to provide state funds to assist in children's education |
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Hadrian
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117-138
restored military forces to good measures Pantheon |
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Antonius Pius
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138-161
most beneficent used senate |
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Marcus Aurelius
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161-180
philosopher-king influenced by Stoicism |
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Silk Road
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regular caravan route between the west and the east
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Circus Maximus
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entertainment, held horse and chariot races
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Colosseum
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amphitheater to seat 50000 spectators
held gladiatorial shows |
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Sassanid Persia
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eastern area making roads into Roman territory
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Valerian
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253-260
Roman emperor killed by Persians in captivity |
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Aurelian
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270-275
Emperor restored boundaries built defensive wall around Rome "restorer of the world" defeated Zenobia |
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Postumus
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military commander
"Gallic Empire" backed by Britain and Spain killed by own soldiers |
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Zenobia
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wife of Syrian ruler
extended control over Egypt and Asia minor defeated by Aurelian |
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Jesus
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6BC-30AD
Messiah Palestinian Jew, grew up in Galilee |
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Peter
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founded church in Rome
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Paul
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5-67
"Second founder of Christianity" provided universal foundation for spread of Jesus' ideas |
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Appeal of Christianity
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promise of salvation
gave meaning to life universal appeal personal relationship |
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Diocletian
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284-305
redrew provincial lines, creating smaller districts put in place tetrarchy autocrat edict that established max wages |
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Constantine
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306-337
expanded autocratic powers of Diocletian |
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Tetrarchy
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rule by 4, set up by Diocletian
Roman empire divided into E and W one "Augustus" ruled each section with the assistance of a vice emperor/"Caesar" |
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Military Reforms
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enlarged army to 400,000 men
divided into garrison troops and mobile units |
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Mobile Units
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located behind frontier but could be quickly moved for support
gave flexibility in responding to invasion |
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Edict of Milan
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313
passed by Constantine tolerated all existence of Christianity |
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Theodosius
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378-395
made Christianity official religion of Roman empire |
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heresy
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unbiblical teachings
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arianism
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thought Jesus was human and not God
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Council of Nicaea
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325
condemned Arianism stated that Jesus was "of the same substance" of God |
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Ostrogoths
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recovered from defeat by Huns- king Theodoric
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Theodoric
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493-526
killed Odoacer, became ruler of Italy in 493 as King, separated Romans and Ostrogoths |
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Franks
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work of Clovis
high family values men led families |
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Clovis
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482-511
Catholic Christian founded Frankish kingdom |
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Charles Martel
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mayor of palace of Austrasia in 714
ruler 3 Merovingian kingdoms |
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St. Augustine
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354-430
most prominent latin father wrote "confessions" and "The City of God" believed secular government was important to the Christian life celibacy |
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Petrine Supremacy
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doctrine based on the belief that bishops occupied a preeminent position in the church (related to Peter, whom Jesus gave the keys to the church)
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monk
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man who sought to live a life divorced from the world
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Justinian
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527-565
codified Roman law code of law "corpus luvis civilis" (Body of civil law) |
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Belisarius
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leader of Justinian's army (general)
sailed to N Africa and destroyed Vandals took over Italy and controlled Sicily |
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Procopius
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500-562
best known Byzantine historian secretary of Belisarius and joined him in battle |
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Theodora
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law class woman who became Justinian's wife, influenced him
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Muhammad
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570-632
experienced vision he thought were inspired by Allah became Prophet of Islam and political leader |
