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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Paleolithic Age
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2.5 million-10000 BC, Greek for "Old Stone"
Distinguished by tools made of stone and the use of fire Nomads and hunter-gatherers |
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Neolithic Revolution
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10000-4000BC "New Stone Age"
Moved to planting, domesticating, and staying put Men became dominant in society |
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Theocracy
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form of government by a divine authority (gods), but ruling power is held with a king
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Sumerian City-States
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Basic unit of Sumerian civilization, a town surrounded by walls made of mud-bricks with the central building being the temple
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Ziggurats
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A massive stepped tower that the temple is built upon, dedicated to a chief god or goddess
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Cuneiform
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"wedge-shaped"
reed stylus used to make wedge shaped impressions on clay tablets that then dry in the sun |
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Sargon of Akkad
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leader of Akkadian Empire in 2340BC
overran city-states to make dynastic empires |
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Hammurabi (and code)
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Strong militaristic leader who reestablished Sargon's borders and established Babylon as capital. Code was 282 strict laws ("eye for an eye")
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Epic of Gilgamesh
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Most well known piece of Mesopotamian literature, teaches that immortality is only for gods
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Polytheism
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belief in more than one god
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Monotheism
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belief in only one God- major tenant of Judaism
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Old Kingdom of Egypt
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2686-2181 BC, time of prosperity
Nomes and nomarchs Pyramids |
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Middle Kingdom of Egypt
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2055-1650 BC, golden age
Reorganized nomes Pharaohs viewed as shepherds |
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New Kingdom of Egypt
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1550-1070 BC
Expanded S border fell to "Sea peoples" |
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Pharaoh Ahmose I
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defeated and expelled Hyksos and reunited most of Egypt
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Pharaoh Rameses II
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gained control of Palestine
invaded by "sea peoples" |
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Book of the Dead
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during the New Kingdom of Egypt, showed that magical incarnations ensured favorable journeys to happy afterlives
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Hyksos
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came to Egypt in 17cBC, initiated the 2nd age of disorder b/w Middle and New Kingdoms of Egypt
Skilled in bronze and warfare defeated by Pharaoh Ahmose I |
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Akhenaten
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Originally "Amenhotep IV"
attempted to make a religious change: lessen power of priesthood. Lost land areas of Syria and Palestine b/c preoccupied with religion All changes were undone after his death |
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Megalith
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greek word for large stone
Example: Stonehenge |
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Hittites
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first used iron weaponry
able to assimilate other cultures Met their fall when attacked by sea peoples. |
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3 Prominent Kings of Early Israel
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Saul (success against Philistines), David (reunited Israelites, controlled Canaan, made Jerusalem capital), Soloman (built temple in Jerusalem)
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Kingdom of Israel (after division)
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consisted of the 10 Northern tribes
King Ahab lost all power to Assyrians |
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Kingdom of Judah
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2 southern tribes (capital Jerusalem)
Conquered by Chaldeans, returned after conquered by Persians |
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Ark of the Covenant
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holy chest that holds sacred relics and symbolically holds the throne to God
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Pentateuch
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first 5 books of the Bible (Beginning-arrival in Canaan)
Contains Torah- law code that governs the life of worshippers |
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Assyria
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became independent when Hittites destroyed Mitanni
Strong organized army agriculture was basis of life |
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Tiglath-Pileseri
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brutal Assyrian conqueror with policy of deliberate terror
1114-1076BC |
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Ashurbanipal
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strongest Assyrian ruler
669-626 BC |
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Patriarch
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husband/father was master of wife and had authority over children
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Phoenicians
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along the Med. coast
colonized for trading purposes alphabet consisted of sounds to make words |
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Assyrian Military Machine
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led by Shalmaneser III
standing infantry, cavalry, and horsedrawn chariots Used iron weaponry, climate of terror, and different tactics |
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Ishtar Gate
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opened to Triumphal way, leading to sacred precincts of Marduk, a Babylonian god
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Hanging Gardens
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temple in Babylon, 1 of the 7 wonders
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Ninevah
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Assyrian capital captured by Naboplassar
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Cyrus the Great
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Persian leader in 559
put in place satrap and satrapy expanded Persia father-like ruler |
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Cabyses II
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Cyrus the Great's son
overtook Egypt in 534 BC took title of Pharaoh |
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Darius
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strengthened and expanded Persian empire
codified laws |
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Satrap
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"Protector of the Kingdom"
governor over a satrapy Persian man |
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Satrapy
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Province-like area
Offices were hereditary |
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Zoroastrianism
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religion accepted by the Great Kings of Persia
Legendary figure-Zoroaster |
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Ahuramazda
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"Wise lord"
supreme deity (zoroastrianism) possessed abstract qualities that should be aspired to |
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Minoans
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2000-1450BC
Accustomed to sea travel (located on Crete) made bronze weaponry Declined due to natural disaster or invasion |
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Mycenean
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1600-1100 BC
Powerful monarchy lived within walls of city Fortified palace surrounded by walls |
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Homer
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Illiad and Odyssey
portrayed values of heroism, honor, and nobility |
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Polis
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city-state
Acropolis (hill) and agora (open market space) |
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Hoplites
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heavily armed infantry men
Wore bronze, leather helmets, breastplates, shin guards, and carried shields, swords, and spears. |
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Phalanx
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tight, rectangular order of lining up for battle
about 8 ranks deep |
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Tyrants
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rulers who seize power by force and who weren't subject to the law
maintained power through soldiers |
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Helots
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"capture"
Spartans bound to land and forced to work on farms and as servants |
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Solon
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Athenian
reform-minded aristocrat chosen to make reforms to prevent tyranny divided Athens into 4 classes based on wealth |
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Cleisthenes
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Aristocratic reformer opposed oligarchy
created reforms that established basis for democract |
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Persian Wars
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revolt of Ionian cities under Persian control in 499
Darius attacked Greece in revenge Xerxes took over at Darius' death Long battle, won by Greeks |
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Athens
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Stressed freedoms
Solon, Cleisthenes |
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Sparta
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sought stability and conformity
Women had freedoms Militaristic life style Oligarchy |
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Delian League
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Athenian confederation put in place
Instrument of imperialism->attacked Persia |
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Great Peloponnesian War
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Athens v. Sparta
Athens plan was on navy, Spartan on pitched battles Won by Sparta, Athens surrendered |
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Sophocles
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Athenian playwright
Oedipus |
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Pericles
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aristocrat in politics
Democracy |
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Sophism
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believed understanding the universe was beyond human reach
rhetoric no absolute right/wrong |
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Sophocles
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great Athenian playwright
"Oedipus the King" |
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Pericles
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aristocrat in politics
made foundation of democracy |
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Sophism
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believed understanding the universe was beyond human reach
rhetoric no absolute right/wrong important for humans to improve themselves |
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Thucydides
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famous historian
Athenian in Peloponnesian War saw war and politics in rational terms believed human nature was constant |
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Parthenon
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built b/w 447 and 432 BC
temple to Athena showed off the power and wealth of Athens built upon the Acropolis |
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Socrates
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469-399 BC
instructed Plato Socratic method- question and answer believed real knowledge is within each person |
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Plato
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429-347 BC
considered to be the greatest philosopher of W. Civilization focused on essence of reality- centered on ideas and ideal forms wrote "The Republic" |
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Aristotle
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384-322 BC
Plato's pupil, tutored Alexander the Great believed that form and matter were inseparable Thought monarchy, aristocracy, and constitutional government were best, but they could easily become tyranny, oligarchy, or democracy. |
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Alexander the Great
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King of Macedonia
aspired to divine honors created Hellenistic era destructed Persian monarchy Autocratic power Spread Greek culture |
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Xerxes
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Persian monarch who wanted revenge
attacked Athens by invasion |
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Archimedes
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287-212 BC
scientist and inventor geometry of spheres and cylinders pi |
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Stoicism
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most popular philosophy of Hellenistic Era
happiness can only be found in virtue live according to nature (divine will) |
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Epicureanism
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didn't believe gods had an active role in the world
Goal of life is happiness, which is achieved through the pursuit of pleasure |