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73 Cards in this Set

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Paleolithic Age
2.5 million-10000 BC, Greek for "Old Stone"
Distinguished by tools made of stone and the use of fire
Nomads and hunter-gatherers
Neolithic Revolution
10000-4000BC "New Stone Age"
Moved to planting, domesticating, and staying put
Men became dominant in society
Theocracy
form of government by a divine authority (gods), but ruling power is held with a king
Sumerian City-States
Basic unit of Sumerian civilization, a town surrounded by walls made of mud-bricks with the central building being the temple
Ziggurats
A massive stepped tower that the temple is built upon, dedicated to a chief god or goddess
Cuneiform
"wedge-shaped"
reed stylus used to make wedge shaped impressions on clay tablets that then dry in the sun
Sargon of Akkad
leader of Akkadian Empire in 2340BC
overran city-states to make dynastic empires
Hammurabi (and code)
Strong militaristic leader who reestablished Sargon's borders and established Babylon as capital. Code was 282 strict laws ("eye for an eye")
Epic of Gilgamesh
Most well known piece of Mesopotamian literature, teaches that immortality is only for gods
Polytheism
belief in more than one god
Monotheism
belief in only one God- major tenant of Judaism
Old Kingdom of Egypt
2686-2181 BC, time of prosperity
Nomes and nomarchs
Pyramids
Middle Kingdom of Egypt
2055-1650 BC, golden age
Reorganized nomes
Pharaohs viewed as shepherds
New Kingdom of Egypt
1550-1070 BC
Expanded S border
fell to "Sea peoples"
Pharaoh Ahmose I
defeated and expelled Hyksos and reunited most of Egypt
Pharaoh Rameses II
gained control of Palestine
invaded by "sea peoples"
Book of the Dead
during the New Kingdom of Egypt, showed that magical incarnations ensured favorable journeys to happy afterlives
Hyksos
came to Egypt in 17cBC, initiated the 2nd age of disorder b/w Middle and New Kingdoms of Egypt
Skilled in bronze and warfare
defeated by Pharaoh Ahmose I
Akhenaten
Originally "Amenhotep IV"
attempted to make a religious change: lessen power of priesthood. Lost land areas of Syria and Palestine b/c preoccupied with religion
All changes were undone after his death
Megalith
greek word for large stone
Example: Stonehenge
Hittites
first used iron weaponry
able to assimilate other cultures
Met their fall when attacked by sea peoples.
3 Prominent Kings of Early Israel
Saul (success against Philistines), David (reunited Israelites, controlled Canaan, made Jerusalem capital), Soloman (built temple in Jerusalem)
Kingdom of Israel (after division)
consisted of the 10 Northern tribes
King Ahab
lost all power to Assyrians
Kingdom of Judah
2 southern tribes (capital Jerusalem)
Conquered by Chaldeans, returned after conquered by Persians
Ark of the Covenant
holy chest that holds sacred relics and symbolically holds the throne to God
Pentateuch
first 5 books of the Bible (Beginning-arrival in Canaan)
Contains Torah- law code that governs the life of worshippers
Assyria
became independent when Hittites destroyed Mitanni
Strong organized army
agriculture was basis of life
Tiglath-Pileseri
brutal Assyrian conqueror with policy of deliberate terror

1114-1076BC
Ashurbanipal
strongest Assyrian ruler
669-626 BC
Patriarch
husband/father was master of wife and had authority over children
Phoenicians
along the Med. coast
colonized for trading purposes
alphabet consisted of sounds to make words
Assyrian Military Machine
led by Shalmaneser III
standing infantry, cavalry, and horsedrawn chariots
Used iron weaponry, climate of terror, and different tactics
Ishtar Gate
opened to Triumphal way, leading to sacred precincts of Marduk, a Babylonian god
Hanging Gardens
temple in Babylon, 1 of the 7 wonders
Ninevah
Assyrian capital captured by Naboplassar
Cyrus the Great
Persian leader in 559
put in place satrap and satrapy
expanded Persia
father-like ruler
Cabyses II
Cyrus the Great's son
overtook Egypt in 534 BC
took title of Pharaoh
Darius
strengthened and expanded Persian empire
codified laws
Satrap
"Protector of the Kingdom"
governor over a satrapy
Persian man
Satrapy
Province-like area
Offices were hereditary
Zoroastrianism
religion accepted by the Great Kings of Persia
Legendary figure-Zoroaster
Ahuramazda
"Wise lord"
supreme deity (zoroastrianism)
possessed abstract qualities that should be aspired to
Minoans
2000-1450BC
Accustomed to sea travel (located on Crete)
made bronze weaponry
Declined due to natural disaster or invasion
Mycenean
1600-1100 BC
Powerful monarchy lived within walls of city
Fortified palace surrounded by walls
Homer
Illiad and Odyssey
portrayed values of heroism, honor, and nobility
Polis
city-state
Acropolis (hill) and agora (open market space)
Hoplites
heavily armed infantry men
Wore bronze, leather helmets, breastplates, shin guards, and carried shields, swords, and spears.
Phalanx
tight, rectangular order of lining up for battle
about 8 ranks deep
Tyrants
rulers who seize power by force and who weren't subject to the law
maintained power through soldiers
Helots
"capture"
Spartans bound to land and forced to work on farms and as servants
Solon
Athenian
reform-minded aristocrat chosen to make reforms to prevent tyranny
divided Athens into 4 classes based on wealth
Cleisthenes
Aristocratic reformer opposed oligarchy
created reforms that established basis for democract
Persian Wars
revolt of Ionian cities under Persian control in 499
Darius attacked Greece in revenge
Xerxes took over at Darius' death
Long battle, won by Greeks
Athens
Stressed freedoms
Solon, Cleisthenes
Sparta
sought stability and conformity
Women had freedoms
Militaristic life style
Oligarchy
Delian League
Athenian confederation put in place
Instrument of imperialism->attacked Persia
Great Peloponnesian War
Athens v. Sparta
Athens plan was on navy, Spartan on pitched battles
Won by Sparta, Athens surrendered
Sophocles
Athenian playwright

Oedipus
Pericles
aristocrat in politics
Democracy
Sophism
believed understanding the universe was beyond human reach
rhetoric
no absolute right/wrong
Sophocles
great Athenian playwright
"Oedipus the King"
Pericles
aristocrat in politics
made foundation of democracy
Sophism
believed understanding the universe was beyond human reach
rhetoric
no absolute right/wrong
important for humans to improve themselves
Thucydides
famous historian
Athenian in Peloponnesian War
saw war and politics in rational terms
believed human nature was constant
Parthenon
built b/w 447 and 432 BC
temple to Athena
showed off the power and wealth of Athens
built upon the Acropolis
Socrates
469-399 BC
instructed Plato
Socratic method- question and answer
believed real knowledge is within each person
Plato
429-347 BC
considered to be the greatest philosopher of W. Civilization
focused on essence of reality- centered on ideas and ideal forms
wrote "The Republic"
Aristotle
384-322 BC
Plato's pupil, tutored Alexander the Great
believed that form and matter were inseparable
Thought monarchy, aristocracy, and constitutional government were best, but they could easily become tyranny, oligarchy, or democracy.
Alexander the Great
King of Macedonia
aspired to divine honors
created Hellenistic era
destructed Persian monarchy
Autocratic power
Spread Greek culture
Xerxes
Persian monarch who wanted revenge
attacked Athens by invasion
Archimedes
287-212 BC
scientist and inventor
geometry of spheres and cylinders
pi
Stoicism
most popular philosophy of Hellenistic Era
happiness can only be found in virtue
live according to nature (divine will)
Epicureanism
didn't believe gods had an active role in the world
Goal of life is happiness, which is achieved through the pursuit of pleasure