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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What factors led to economic and population growth in late traditional
China? Was the pattern the same in Japan during those centuries? |
– Administrative reform along Confucian lines
– Trade networks forged during the Ming period expanded to include Europeans • Influx of silver as a result of contact w/Portugue and Spanish – Agricultural advances • Introduction of fast-growing rice • Introduction of new crops e.g. sweet potatoes and corn • Improved irrigation using waterpumps • Mechanized sowing of seeds – Population growth results in increased productivity & urbanization – General instability characterized the Japanese experience during the mid-16th to mid-17th centuries • Trading contacts generally limited to China & Korean peninsula until the arrival of Europeans • Unification brings stability & agricultural production increases • Increased productivity leads to increasing commerce and urbanization • “Banking houses & businesses gained great influence, as lavishly-living daimyo and samurai grew deeply indebted to bankers and merchants” (Connections p. 471) |
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How did advances in military technology change warfare in
sixteenth-century Japan? How was the strategic balance of power reflected in the government created by Tokugawa Ieyasu? |
– Europeans introduce firearms to Japan during the mid-16th
century – Oda Nobunaga (1534-1582) unites central Japan using large numbers of troops trained in the use of firearms – Hideyoshi (1536-1598) completes unification – Tokugawa Shogunate (1603-1868) • Shogun (dominant feudal ruler) marginalizes political power of emperor • Directly ruled most of Japan, incl. Kyoto, Edo, & Osaka • Outlying regions beyond Edo plain controlled by house daimyo or outer daimyo • Daimyo required to provide soldiers for shogun’s army, laborers for his projects, and officials for his regime (Connections 470) • Samurai ultimately become more urbane, more administrative, easier to control |
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The Social Contract
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Written by Jean Jacques Rousseau in 1762. Was written after Hobbes and Locke but before the American and French revolutions. Says that men are essentially good (Locke) and that they are shaped by their environment and experiences. Contradict Hobbes. Explains that direct democracy determines the "good" for everyone and that freedom of speech is important. Rousseau admired Ancient Greek political system (the polis) and believed that it was important for a society to have virtue and be educated.
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American Declaration of Independence
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Written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776. Heavily influenced by John Locke's writings. Justified the American colonists' break with Britain. Articulated Locke's philosophy of natural rights.
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizens
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Written by the National Assembly of France in 1789. Proclaimed that sovereignty derives from the people and that they are the source of political power. Stated that men are born free and equal in rights and that the government is meant to protect these rights for every individual. Contradicted the absolutist monarchy and aristocracy that had existed in France. Inspired other philosophers in the area of liberty, reason, and natural rights. Similar to Locke and Jefferson.
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Memoirs of Otto von Bismark
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Written by Otto von Bismark in 1899. Bismark was successful in unifying Germany and was a German nationalist. His approach to gov't was "realpolitik," or the politics of realism. He believed that Germany needed to take hold of its cultural identity and that a dynastic attachment was needed.
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Abu l'Fazl biography of Akbar
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Written by Abu l'Fazl Allami during the 1500s. Describes Emperor Akbar of India as the ideal king- one that is an "ornament to the world." The picture of the perfect absolutist ruler: one that receives his power from God (French absolutism) instead of his people (English absolutism). According to Abulfazl, used his respect of God and God's laws to gain the respect and obedience of his people rather than using fear to motivate obedience (unlike Hobbes' "Leviathan").
Akbar was Muslim but was tolerant of other faiths and worked to create harmony in India between the natives and the Mughals. |
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The Social Contract
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Written by Jean Jacques Rousseau in 1762. Was written after Hobbes and Locke but before the American and French revolutions. Says that men are essentially good (Locke) and that they are shaped by their environment and experiences. Contradict Hobbes. Explains that direct democracy determines the "good" for everyone and that freedom of speech is important. Rousseau admired Ancient Greek political system (the polis) and believed that it was important for a society to have virtue and be educated.
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On the Wealth of Nations
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Written by Adam Smith in 1776. Describes his idea of the economic liberalism, the division of labor, and support of a free market. Contradicts mercantilist policies and provided the foundation for capitalism. Analyzed economic policies as a social science.
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American Declaration of Independence
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Written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776. Heavily influenced by John Locke's writings. Justified the American colonists' break with Britain. Articulated Locke's philosophy of natural rights.
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"National Life from the Standpoint of Science"
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Lecture by Karl Pearson in 1900. Social Darwinism- argued that nations and races were locked in a struggle for existence in which only the fittest survived and deserved to survive. Fueled imperialism and the domination of other peoples.
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizens
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Written by the National Assembly of France in 1789. Proclaimed that sovereignty derives from the people and that they are the source of political power. Stated that men are born free and equal in rights and that the government is meant to protect these rights for every individual. Contradicted the absolutist monarchy and aristocracy that had existed in France. Inspired other philosophers in the area of liberty, reason, and natural rights. Similar to Locke and Jefferson.
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Communist Manifesto
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Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles in 1848. First criticizes capitalism, the Communist vision for society, and then his problems with socialist theories. Marx and Engles believed that the struggle and social/economic difference between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie needed to be eliminated through a violent overthrow. The overthrow would result in order and complete equality.
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Memoirs of Otto von Bismark
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Written by Otto von Bismark in 1899. Bismark was successful in unifying Germany and was a German nationalist. His approach to gov't was "realpolitik," or the politics of realism. He believed that Germany needed to take hold of its cultural identity and that a dynastic attachment was needed.
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Abu l'Fazl biography of Akbar
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Written by Abu l'Fazl Allami during the 1500s. Describes Emperor Akbar of India as the ideal king- one that is an "ornament to the world." The picture of the perfect absolutist ruler: one that receives his power from God (French absolutism) instead of his people (English absolutism). According to Abulfazl, used his respect of God and God's laws to gain the respect and obedience of his people rather than using fear to motivate obedience (unlike Hobbes' "Leviathan").
Akbar was Muslim but was tolerant of other faiths and worked to create harmony in India between the natives and the Mughals. |
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On the Wealth of Nations
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Written by Adam Smith in 1776. Describes his idea of the economic liberalism, the division of labor, and support of a free market. Contradicts mercantilist policies and provided the foundation for capitalism. Analyzed economic policies as a social science.
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"National Life from the Standpoint of Science"
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Lecture by Karl Pearson in 1900. Social Darwinism- argued that nations and races were locked in a struggle for existence in which only the fittest survived and deserved to survive. Fueled imperialism and the domination of other peoples.
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Communist Manifesto
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Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles in 1848. First criticizes capitalism, the Communist vision for society, and then his problems with socialist theories. Marx and Engles believed that the struggle and social/economic difference between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie needed to be eliminated through a violent overthrow. The overthrow would result in order and complete equality.
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“Liberté, égalité, fraternité”
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French for "Liberty, equality, fraternity (brotherhood)". It is the national motto of France, and is a typical example of a tripartite motto. Found its origins in the French Revolution.
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7 Years’ War
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Empress Elizabeth I of Russia saw Prussia's King Frederick the Great as a serious threat to Central Europe and Russia. She joined Austria, Sweden, and France in the Seven Years War (1756-1763) to defeat Frederick and divide up his domains. Defeat looked imminent for Frederick but in 1762 Elizabeth I died suddenly. Her nephew, Tsar Peter III, succeeded her and allied with the Prussians. Frederick was victorious.
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Adam Smith
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Supported economic liberalism, the division of labor, natural prices vs market prices
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Bastille
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A large prison and arsenal in eastern Paris whose capture in 1789 by supporters of the National Assembly frightened King Louis XVI into capitulating to the French Revolution.
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Committee of Public Safety
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A group of officials given broad powers in 1793-1794 to protect France from foreign and domestic enemies.
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Confucianism
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Ethical system based on social harmony. Virtues of humanity, integrity, righteousness, altruism, and loyalty. Virtues meant to help create a hierarchical society in which key relationships are the foundation of a stable & harmonious way of life. Idealization of past. Good gov't depends upon virtuous men who serve as models. History is a cycle.
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Daimyo
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Hereditary regional warlords who dominated segments of Japan.
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Deism
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A rational religion that viewed God not as a divinity deeply involved in human affairs, but as a master mechanic or "great watchmaker," who created the universe as a vast machine, established the laws by which it operated, and then mostly left it alone.
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Industrialization
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A momentous shift from a rural agrarian economy to an urban manufacturing economy.
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Junkers
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East Prussian noble families who furnished officers for the Prussian army.
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Laissez-faire
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A French term meaning "let them do as they choose," asserting that governments should not intervene in economic affairs.
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Liberalism
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An ideology based on liberty, calling for constitutional governments with restricted powers, elected legislatures, and safeguards protecting people's rights.
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Limited monarchy
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An English alternative to royal absolutism in which nobles and the middle classes worked together to restrict the authority of the ruler.
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Enlightenment
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A European intellectual movement, inspired by boundless faith in human reason, that sought by using reason to achieve progress in all areas of human endeavor.
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Estates General
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A nationwide assembly of representatives from the three estates of French society.
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Glorious Revolution
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A cooperative effort by the English Parliament and an invasion force from the Netherlands to overthrow King James II in 1688. He left swiftly and peacefully.
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Mercantilist Theory
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A policy designed to create a condition in which a country's trading exports exceeded its imports in value.
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Middle Passage
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The name given to the voyage westward across the Atlantic from West Africa during which slaves bound for the Americas suffered terrible hardships.
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Nationalism
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An intense devotion to one's own cultural-linguistic group and to its embodiment in a unified, independent state.
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Philosophes
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Eminent French thinkers who dominated the Enlightenment in the 18th century.
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Proletariat
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A large class of landless laborers who moved to cities and entered the industrial work force.
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Reign of Terror
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The actions of French revolutionary tribunals in condemning and executing hundreds of thousands of people believed to be opposed to the French Revolution.
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Romanticism
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A rejection of the rationalism of the Enlightenment, emphasizing emotion, passion, exuberance, heroism, and the beauty of nature.
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Royal absolutism
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A system of governance in which the ruler's authority is said to come directly from God, and in which no earthly institution may override that authority.
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Sans-Coulottes
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The urban working poor during the French Revolution, who wore ordinary trousers instead of the culottes, or knee-breeches, worn by the nobles.
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Socialism
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An ideology based on equality, calling for redistribution of income, improved working conditions, and the political empowerment of workers.
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Tennis Court Oath
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A pledge taken in 1789 by representatives in France's National Assembly not to disperse until France obtained a written constitution.
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Thomas Jefferson
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Wrote the Declaration of Independence (1776) based heavily on the writings of Locke.
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Tokugawa Ieyasu
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Following the death of Hideyoshi, a regency council governed Japan for his son (only 5 years old). Tokugawa Ieyasu, one of the members of the council, became dominant and by 1603, compelled the empoeror to appoint him shogun (real ruler of Japan). He focused on consolidating Japan's unity and stability and exercised great influence until his death in 1616.
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Toussaint L’Ouverture
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Leader of the Haitian Revolution (1793-1803) which was a movement for independence generally led by the Creole elite. The Creoles were determined that political independence should not cause social disruption or loss of their social and economic privileges.
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Treaty of Tordesillas
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A 1494 agreement between the Portuguese and Spanish designed to divide the world between them.
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Wahhabism
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The austere, deeply puritanical brand of Islam practiced in Saudi Arabia since the 1740s.
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