West Civ

Front 1

Crisis of the 3rd Century

Back 1

Economic Instability: the empire was too big, disparity of income led to slavery, use of money for personal investments instead of helping society, environment began to crumble, ie: disease, pollution, soil erosion.
Political instability: "Barracks Emperors" bought loyalty of their troops, decline of central control because of semi-independent states.
Empire temporarily restored by Diocletian
End of Pax Roma

Front 2

Diocletian

Back 2

Rose through ranks in the military to become Calvary commander and eventually became Roman Emperor.
Accidentally ensured that the social and agricultural life of the Roman Empire would remained the same by making citizens bound to their land so that taRox farmers (collectors) could collect taxes from them.

Front 3

Constantine

Back 3

establishing Constantinople as the imperial capitol
establishing Constantinople as the imperial capitol.
First Roman Emperor to turn to Christianity
Defeated Maxentius and Licinius during civil wars.

Front 4

Arian Heresy

Back 4

Incidence where Greek Christians applied rational thinking to Christianity and could not make sense out of the “Trinity”, that God, Jesus, and the Holy Ghost are one and all.

Front 5

Nicene Creed

Back 5

first assembly of Bishops from all parts of Rome.
Said that God and Christ is the same substance ,coequal and coeternal

Front 6

Hermann Arminius

Back 6

Symbol of German unification
Chieftain of German Cherusci
Defeated Roman Army in the battle of Teutoburg Forest
Nephew of Emperor Tiberius

Front 7

Teutoburg Forest

Back 7

Great German Defeat in 9 CE
Lead by Hermann Arminius

Front 8

Western Germanic Revolution

Back 8

200-400CE
Battle of Teutoberg
“Imperial” German
Weregeld
Oath
Comitatus-Germanic friendship structure that compelled kings to rule in consultation with their warriors.

d. unification of German tribes along the Rhine River

Front 9

Trajan's Column

Back 9

Roman triumphant column in Rome commemorating Roman Emperor Trajan’s victory in the Dacian War.

Front 10

Dacia

Back 10

Modern day country of Dacia is Romania (Transylvania )
Roman policy toward them were genocidal
Romans wanted their minerals and Gold
Civilization was reasonably complex ( Fortified town, roads, running water, plumb bob, compass, silver bracelet, chariots, lots of gold)

Front 11

Emperor Quin

Back 11

Emperor who united the people of what is now China.
He started the Great Wall of China.

Front 12

Alaric

Back 12

King of the Visigoths
First Germanic leader to take the city of Rome

Front 13

The Visgoths

Back 13

Germanic tribe that had migrated into southeastern Europe.
Terrified of Huns and sought refuge in the Roman Empire.
Defeated the Romans in a historic battle at Adrianoples.

Front 14

Clovis

Back 14

First King of Franks to unite all the Frankish Tribes under one ruler
First Catholic King to rule over Gaul
founder of the Merovingian dynasty
worked to blend cultures of Franks and Romans of Gaul
converted to Catholicism

Front 15

The Franks

Back 15

Homeland in the Rhine River valley
Ruler Clovis
became potential ally of the papacy.

Front 16

Muhammad

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The Founder of Islam
A prosperous merchant in the trading city of Mecca
progressive populist

Front 17

Five Pillars of Islam

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Faith or belief in the Oneness of God and the finality of the prophet hood of Muhammad
Daily prayers
Concern for and alms giving to the needy
Self-purification through fasting
The pilgrimage to Makkah (Mecca) for those who are able

Front 18

Shi'a

Back 18

one of the two major denominations of Islam ( Sunni and Shi’a)
religious community responsible for social justice
“Party of Ali”
refused to accept authority of Ummayyad clan and believed a relative of Muhammad should lead the clan

Front 19

Sunni

Back 19

“Orthodox” version of the religion, as opposed to Shi’a
believed the caliph should be voted into power

Front 20

Umayyad

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First great Muslim Dynasty to rule the Empire of Caliphates

Front 21

Abbasid Caliphates

Back 21

adopted a more universal approach to running the empire
Islamic civilization experienced its Golden Age

Front 22

Medieval Climate Optimum

Back 22

better climate made population grow
better climate made for better crop production
less pack ice made exploring easier

Front 23

Vikings

Back 23

forced a political revolution in Western Europe

Front 24

Eric the Red

Back 24

Discovered Greenland (First Nordic settlement [c.a. 985])
Father of Leif Ericson
was exiled from Norway on account of murder in a situation involving slaves

Front 25

Charles Martel- “Charles the Hammer”

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Frankish military and political leader
known for winning the Battle of Tours

Front 26

Battle of Tours

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In 732 Charles Martel defeated the Muslims,preventing them from advancing into Europe.
Turning point in the struggle against Islam, a struggle which preserved Christianity as the religion of Europe

Front 27

Carolingian Renaissance

Back 27

Reversed the process of cultural decay that characterized much of the early middle ages
Romanesque/ Gothic society
Reform of the clergy

Front 28

Charlamagne

Back 28

Built monasteries and universities to train and control the religious message that went out to the people
King of the Franks
crowned Emperor of the Romans in 800 by Pope Leo III, reviving the Western Roman Empire because it was transferred to a Frankish king.

Front 29

Holy Roman Empire

Back 29

a realm (Reich) that existed from 962 to 1806 in Central Europe.
originated in the eastern half of Charlemagne's empire, divided after his death.
a state composed of many states
Although the various princes and lords of the Empire were all his vassals and subjects, they possessed a number of privileges that brought them close to de facto sovereignty; in particular, the emperor could not intervene in their particular affairs as long as they ruled according to the law.
The heart of the Holy Roman Empire had been Germany. But by 1600, a better term for the area would have been "Germanies" as the heart of the Holy Roman Empire had become split into a mass of princes and states who since the time of Luther had done what they could to extend their independence and power at the expense of the emperor.

Front 30

Hugh Capet

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he was first king of France.
he united the people against the vikings.
he bought off the vikings and united the people with common language and ethnicity.

Front 31

Norman Conquest

Back 31

Anglo-saxons conquer modern day England from Germanic Tribes
began on 28 September 1066 with the invasion of England by William, Duke of Normandy (William “the Conqueror”)
largely removed the native ruling class, replacing it with a foreign, French-speaking monarchy, aristocracy, and clerical hierarchy. This, in turn, brought about a transformation of the English language and the culture of England
linked the country more closely with continental Europe, lessened Scandinavian influence, and also set the stage for a rivalry with France that would continue intermittently for many centuries.

Front 32

William the Conqueror (also known as William the Bastard)

Back 32

First Nomadic King of England
Led an invasion of England that altered their nation
Normans wanted a new language, even though they didn’t want to live in England; they also improved trade
preferred to live in France, but wanted control of England as well.

Front 33

Magna Carter

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Great Charter
Although essentially a feudal document directed against a king who had violated the rights of the feudal barons, the Magna Carta stated certain principals that could be interpreted more broadly
Beginning of a constitutional system

Front 34

Gregory vii

Back 34

“Gregorian Revolution” where he felt it was his duty from God to unite all civilization, religion and state as one