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80 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
alpha level
probability of making a Type I Error
beta level
prob. of making a Type II error
chance variation
the occurrence of events without any known antecedent as seen from the standpoint of the experiment
confound
a factor that systematically biases the research but was not purposely introduced by the experimenter
confounding variable
a variable that systematically varies with the independent variable that could provide an alternative explanation for the influence of the independent variable on the dependent variable
control
a technique used to reduce the effects of extraneous variables on results and to ensure greater certainty that the changes in the dependent variable result from the independent var.
control group
the group that receives a zero level of the independent variable (gets no treatment)
correlation
a statistical technique for determining the degree of association between two or more variables
correlational design
a design used to establish the relationship between two variables without the ability to infer causal relationships
dependent variable
the variable that is said to change systematically on the action of the manipulated variable
empiricism
an emphasis on using direct observation as a means of gaining information
experimental group
group that receives the independent variable in an experiment
experimenter effect
an effect upon participants in an experiment that can be traced to the behavior of the experimenter but is not designed to be part of the experiment
external validity
generalizability of an experimental outcome to other groups, settings, treatment vars, and measurement vars
hypothesis
a statement of expectation developed in relation to an explicit or implicit theory concerning potential outcomes of an experiment
independent variable
the variable defined b the experimenter and thus is outside the experimental situation
inferential statistics
used to infer from a given sample of scores the parameters related to the set of all possible scores from which that sample was drawn
internal validity
the ability to make valid inferences concerning the relationship between a dependent and independent variable in an experimental situation
inductive reasoning
Reasoning from a part to a while, as might be performed when data from a particular study are used to develop a general theory
deductive reasoning
reasoning from the general to the particular, as in the case of creating an expected hypothesis for a particular experiment from a general theoretical statement
mean
average of a set of scores. sum/N.
measurement
the process of determining a dimensional or quantitative representation of a construct
median
the middle score in a distribution
mode
the score that occurs with the greatest frequency
naturalistic observation
a scientific approach that focuses on observation and description; it is generally used with naturally occurring and ongoing phenomena, with little experimenter intervention
null hypothesis
the hypothesis that the differences between two or more population parameters are zero. Used to refer to the condition that no differences exist between groups in an experiment
operational definition
a definition that presents a construct in terms of observable operations that can be measured and utilized in research
practice effect
the effect brought about by the continued repetition of a task
qualitative method
a method that emphasizes verbal descriptions and narratives rather than traditional statistical methods
quantitative method
a method that emphasizes measures using numbers and traditional statistical techniques
random assignment
occurs when participants' chances of being placed into each group in an experiment are equal
random sampling / selection
the selection of participants in an unbiased manner so that each potential participant has an equal possibility of being selected for the experiment
range
the measure of dispersion reflecting the difference between the largest and smallest scores in a set of data
replication
repeating a procedure under a similar set of conditions to check the outcome, thereby decreasing the likelihood that the results may have occurred by chance
scale of measurement
the type of information that a number conveys. Types include nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
standard deviation
a measure of variability calculated by taking the square root of the variance
sum of squares
a number used in the determination of the variance; calculated by summing the squared values for the deviation of each data point from the mean of that data set
systematic variation
variation due to systematic factors
Type I error
the error of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true. Alpha error. A false alarm.
Type II error
the error of failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false. Beta error. A miss.
validity
the accuracy of our ideas and our research; the degree to which these are true and capable of support
variability
the manner in which measurements vary within an experimental condition. the statistical measurements of this are standard devation and variance.
debriefing
The process at the end of he experiment when a researcher must explain the experiment to the participant, especially if deception is used
maturation
When the dependent variable is affected by people changing over time
central limit theorem
This states that the more people we have in our sample, the closer our sample is to a normal distribution
diffusion
The dependent variable is affected by participants talking to each other about the study
ethics
the values we use to judge the conduct and morality of a researcher and his project
mortality
DV is affected by participants in one group dropping out of study at higher rates than participants of other groups
informed consent
participants in research have the right to know what a study will involve before agreeing to take part
selection
the DV is affected by difference that existed between groups at beginning of experiment
history
DV is affected by events that take place between measurements
P-value
The probability that the differences between your groups are due to chance or error alone
empiricism
This is when you accept an idea by comparing it to your own experiences and perceptions
reason
This is when you accept an idea after using logic to evaluate the idea
voluntary participation
Point that participants in research must have the opportunity to say they don't want to be involved in research and to quit at any time
falsifiable
A good theory is this that says you must be able to prove a theory wrong
equating groups
Controlling groups so that equal numbers of participants with untested variables are in the control and experimental groups
operational definition
carefully defining the terms in your study so that they can be measured
elimination
researcher's attempt to remove extra variable (example: when worried about the influence of one's sex in an experiment about memory, only using males)
constancy
researcher's attempt to reduce extraneous variables to a single constant value for all participants
equating groups
distributes extraneous variables equally to all groups
counterbalancing
this control method can be used to randomly assign people to conditions and reduce order effects by using orders and sequences equally
Description
Objective of science- defines phenominon
Explanation
Objective of science - knowing why a phenomena exists, what causes it
Prediction
ability to anticipate the occurrence of event
Optimization
using knowledge to help ppl be as happy and healthy as poss.
Tenacity
acceptance of idea bc ppl have always said it's true
scientific method
1. prediction
2. methodology
3. analysis and interpretation
4. report findings
Authority
acceptance of idea bc respected source says so
Reason
acceptance of idea due to logic
Science
accept idea bc of gained knowledge. Requires systematic method of collecting and understanding data based on empiricism, reason and experimentation
social desirability bias
tendency to give socially approved answers to make self look better
conceptual definition
dictionary or everyday definition of a concept
treatment effect
the differences in the magnitude of the DV for the control and experimental groups
sufficient condition
all that's required for some event to occur
necessary condition
something that must exist in order for an event to occur, but doesn't cause the event to occur
testing
DV is affected by repeated testing
fatigue effects
people perform worse after multiple tests
instrumentation
DV is affected by changes in the quality of measurement that occurs after experiment is performed mult. times (ex- machine gets old or changes in questioner's attitude
statistical regression
dv is affected because people who get extreme scores the first time often get scores closer to the mean the next time