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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
alpha level
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probability of making a Type I Error
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beta level
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prob. of making a Type II error
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chance variation
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the occurrence of events without any known antecedent as seen from the standpoint of the experiment
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confound
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a factor that systematically biases the research but was not purposely introduced by the experimenter
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confounding variable
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a variable that systematically varies with the independent variable that could provide an alternative explanation for the influence of the independent variable on the dependent variable
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control
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a technique used to reduce the effects of extraneous variables on results and to ensure greater certainty that the changes in the dependent variable result from the independent var.
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control group
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the group that receives a zero level of the independent variable (gets no treatment)
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correlation
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a statistical technique for determining the degree of association between two or more variables
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correlational design
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a design used to establish the relationship between two variables without the ability to infer causal relationships
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dependent variable
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the variable that is said to change systematically on the action of the manipulated variable
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empiricism
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an emphasis on using direct observation as a means of gaining information
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experimental group
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group that receives the independent variable in an experiment
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experimenter effect
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an effect upon participants in an experiment that can be traced to the behavior of the experimenter but is not designed to be part of the experiment
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external validity
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generalizability of an experimental outcome to other groups, settings, treatment vars, and measurement vars
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hypothesis
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a statement of expectation developed in relation to an explicit or implicit theory concerning potential outcomes of an experiment
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independent variable
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the variable defined b the experimenter and thus is outside the experimental situation
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inferential statistics
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used to infer from a given sample of scores the parameters related to the set of all possible scores from which that sample was drawn
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internal validity
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the ability to make valid inferences concerning the relationship between a dependent and independent variable in an experimental situation
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inductive reasoning
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Reasoning from a part to a while, as might be performed when data from a particular study are used to develop a general theory
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deductive reasoning
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reasoning from the general to the particular, as in the case of creating an expected hypothesis for a particular experiment from a general theoretical statement
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mean
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average of a set of scores. sum/N.
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measurement
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the process of determining a dimensional or quantitative representation of a construct
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median
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the middle score in a distribution
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mode
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the score that occurs with the greatest frequency
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naturalistic observation
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a scientific approach that focuses on observation and description; it is generally used with naturally occurring and ongoing phenomena, with little experimenter intervention
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null hypothesis
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the hypothesis that the differences between two or more population parameters are zero. Used to refer to the condition that no differences exist between groups in an experiment
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operational definition
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a definition that presents a construct in terms of observable operations that can be measured and utilized in research
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practice effect
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the effect brought about by the continued repetition of a task
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qualitative method
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a method that emphasizes verbal descriptions and narratives rather than traditional statistical methods
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quantitative method
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a method that emphasizes measures using numbers and traditional statistical techniques
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random assignment
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occurs when participants' chances of being placed into each group in an experiment are equal
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random sampling / selection
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the selection of participants in an unbiased manner so that each potential participant has an equal possibility of being selected for the experiment
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range
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the measure of dispersion reflecting the difference between the largest and smallest scores in a set of data
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replication
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repeating a procedure under a similar set of conditions to check the outcome, thereby decreasing the likelihood that the results may have occurred by chance
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scale of measurement
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the type of information that a number conveys. Types include nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
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standard deviation
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a measure of variability calculated by taking the square root of the variance
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sum of squares
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a number used in the determination of the variance; calculated by summing the squared values for the deviation of each data point from the mean of that data set
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systematic variation
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variation due to systematic factors
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Type I error
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the error of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true. Alpha error. A false alarm.
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Type II error
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the error of failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false. Beta error. A miss.
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validity
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the accuracy of our ideas and our research; the degree to which these are true and capable of support
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variability
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the manner in which measurements vary within an experimental condition. the statistical measurements of this are standard devation and variance.
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debriefing
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The process at the end of he experiment when a researcher must explain the experiment to the participant, especially if deception is used
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maturation
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When the dependent variable is affected by people changing over time
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central limit theorem
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This states that the more people we have in our sample, the closer our sample is to a normal distribution
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diffusion
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The dependent variable is affected by participants talking to each other about the study
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ethics
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the values we use to judge the conduct and morality of a researcher and his project
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mortality
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DV is affected by participants in one group dropping out of study at higher rates than participants of other groups
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informed consent
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participants in research have the right to know what a study will involve before agreeing to take part
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selection
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the DV is affected by difference that existed between groups at beginning of experiment
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history
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DV is affected by events that take place between measurements
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P-value
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The probability that the differences between your groups are due to chance or error alone
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empiricism
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This is when you accept an idea by comparing it to your own experiences and perceptions
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reason
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This is when you accept an idea after using logic to evaluate the idea
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voluntary participation
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Point that participants in research must have the opportunity to say they don't want to be involved in research and to quit at any time
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falsifiable
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A good theory is this that says you must be able to prove a theory wrong
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equating groups
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Controlling groups so that equal numbers of participants with untested variables are in the control and experimental groups
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operational definition
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carefully defining the terms in your study so that they can be measured
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elimination
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researcher's attempt to remove extra variable (example: when worried about the influence of one's sex in an experiment about memory, only using males)
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constancy
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researcher's attempt to reduce extraneous variables to a single constant value for all participants
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equating groups
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distributes extraneous variables equally to all groups
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counterbalancing
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this control method can be used to randomly assign people to conditions and reduce order effects by using orders and sequences equally
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Description
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Objective of science- defines phenominon
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Explanation
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Objective of science - knowing why a phenomena exists, what causes it
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Prediction
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ability to anticipate the occurrence of event
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Optimization
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using knowledge to help ppl be as happy and healthy as poss.
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Tenacity
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acceptance of idea bc ppl have always said it's true
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scientific method
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1. prediction
2. methodology 3. analysis and interpretation 4. report findings |
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Authority
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acceptance of idea bc respected source says so
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Reason
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acceptance of idea due to logic
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Science
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accept idea bc of gained knowledge. Requires systematic method of collecting and understanding data based on empiricism, reason and experimentation
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social desirability bias
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tendency to give socially approved answers to make self look better
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conceptual definition
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dictionary or everyday definition of a concept
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treatment effect
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the differences in the magnitude of the DV for the control and experimental groups
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sufficient condition
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all that's required for some event to occur
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necessary condition
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something that must exist in order for an event to occur, but doesn't cause the event to occur
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testing
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DV is affected by repeated testing
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fatigue effects
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people perform worse after multiple tests
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instrumentation
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DV is affected by changes in the quality of measurement that occurs after experiment is performed mult. times (ex- machine gets old or changes in questioner's attitude
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statistical regression
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dv is affected because people who get extreme scores the first time often get scores closer to the mean the next time
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