Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Like a tree, each branch is a telephone wire that carries incoming message to you
|
DENDRITES are treelike extensions at the beginning of a neuron that help increase the surface area of the cell body. These tiny protrusions receive information from other neurons and transmit electrical stimulation to the soma. Dendrites are also covered with synapses.
|
|
Like the insulation that covers electrical wires
|
Myelin is a (electrically insulating) material that forms a layer, the myelin sheath, usually around only the axon of a neuron. It is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system.
|
|
Like a silicon ship in a computer that receives and transmits information between input and output devices as well as between other chips
|
A NEURON is an electrically excitable cell that processes and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals.
|
|
Like an electrical cable that carries information
|
The function of an AXON is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands.
|
|
Like maintenance personel who keep things clean and in working order so the operations of the enterprise can proceed
|
GLIA provide support and protection for neurons in the brain and peripheral nervous system.
|
|
Like a nozzle at the end of a hose, from which water is squirted
|
TERMINAL BUTTONS are located at the end of the neuron and are responsible for sending the signal on to other neurons.
|
|
Like a railroad junction, where two trains may meet
|
SYNAPSE transmits information between neurons
|
|
An transmitter involved in the regulation of sleep and perhaps aggression
|
SEROTONIN It is popularly thought to be a contributor to feelings of well-being and happiness
|
|
Two Monoamines that have been linked to depression
|
Serotonin & Noreplenephrine
Monoamines trigger crucial components such as emotion, arousal, and cognition |
|
Chemicals that resemble opiate drugs in structure and that are involved in pain relief
|
ENDORPHINS They are produced by the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus during exercise, excitement, pain, spicy food consumption, love, and sexual activity, and they resemble the opiates in their abilities to produce a feeling of well-being.
|
|
A neurotransmitter for which abnormal levels have been implicated in schizophrenia
|
DOPAMINE It is a neurohormone that is released by the hypothalamus.
|
|
The only neurotransmitter between motor neurons and voluntary muscles
|
ACETYLCHOLINE In the peripheral nervous system, acetylcholine activates muscles, and is a major neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system.
|
|
Miriam is exhibiting language deficits. In particular, she does not seem to comprehend the meaning of words
|
Wernik's Area - Speech
|
|
Camille displays tremors and muscular rigidity and is diagnosed as having Parkinsonism
|
Deficit in dopamine
|
|
Ricard, a 28-year old computer executive has gradually seen his strength and motor coordination deteriorate badly. He is diagnosed as having multiple sclerosis
|
Degeneration of Mylan Sheath - Protective outer cord
|
|
Wendy is highly irrational, has poor contact with reality, and reports hallucinations. She is given a diagnosis of schizophrenic disorder.
|
Disturbance in dopamine or glutamate activity
|
|
The findings from family studies indicate that heredity may influence a trait if______________________
show more trait similarity than________________________ |
Closer relatives;more distant relatives
|
|
The findings from twin studies suggest that heredity influences a trait if ______________________
show more trait similarity than ________________________ |
Identical Twins; Fraternal Twins
|
|
The findings from adoption studies suggest that heredity influences a trait if children adopted at a young age share more trait similarity with ___________________
than their ______________________ |
Biologic parents; Adoptive parents
|
|
The findings from family studies, twin studies, or adoption studies suggest that heredity does not influence a trait when ______________________ is not
related to _______________________ |
Genetic overlap; Trait similarity
|
|
This researcher showed that morphine exerts its effects by binding to specialized receptors in the brain, leading to the discovery of endorphins.
|
Solomon Snyder
|
|
In the 1950's, this research team discovered del-stimulation sites in the rat brain, suggesting that the limbic system may include "pleasure centers"
|
James Old & Peter Milner
|
|
This 19-Century theorist, who invented the concepts of fitness and natural selection, was the original architect of evolutionary therapy
|
Charle Darwin
|
|
These researchers conducted the original split-brain studies, which demonstrate that the right and left hemispheres of the brain each have their own special abilities
|
Roger Sperry & Michael Gazzaniga
|
|
These researchers used axons taken from squid to conduct influential research on the biochemical bases of the neural impulse
|
Alan Hodgkin & Andrew Huxley
|
|
Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland is the control center for _______________________
|
Endoctrine System
|
|
What causes "Flight or Fight"
|
Hormones
|
|
Cerebrum is divided into 4 lobes______________,_____________,_______________,
____________________ |
Occipital,Parietal,Temporal, Frontal
|
|
Frontal lobe is responsible for
|
movement
|
|
Temporal Lobe is responsible for
|
Hearing
|
|
Parietal lobe is responsible for
|
Touch
|
|
Occipital Lobe is responsible for
|
Vision
|
|
Broca's Area is associated with
|
Speech
|
|
Wernicke's area is associated with
|
Language
|
|
What hemisphere is more dominant
|
Left Hemisphere - Usually processes language
|
|
Right hemisphere specialized to handle
|
Visual-spacial functions
|
|
What system secretes hormones
|
Endoctrine system
|
|
Hormones
|
regulation of basic bodily functions
|
|
Hind brain consists of ______________, ___________,
________________ |
Medulla, Pons, Cerebellum
|
|
Medula regulates
|
Breathing and circulation
|
|
Cerebellum regulates
|
motor coordination and balance
|
|
Pons Regulates
|
sleep and arousal
|
|
Thalamus is located in the hindbrain where all ________________ goes through except smell.
|
Sensory information
|
|
Limbic system contributes to ____________
|
Memory
|
|
Amygdala contributes to
|
emotion
|
|
Hypothalamus regulates
|
Biological needs of organisms
|
|
Corpus Callosum connects _____________ & ___________
|
Left Hemisphere and Right Hemisphere
|
|
Neurotransmitters
|
the chemicals which allow the transmission of signals from one neuron to the next across synapses
|
|
Branch of (ANS) that conserves bodily resources
|
Parasympathetic
|
|
Nerves that lie outside the nervous system
|
Peripheral Nervous system
|
|
What is the "Mastery Gland"
|
Pituitary Gland - Releases hormones, stimulating actions in Endoctrine System
|
|
Voltage change at receptor site
|
Postsynaptic Potential (PSP)
|
|
masked when genes are different (Heterozygous)
|
Recessive Gene
|
|
Neurotransmitters are sponged up from the Synaptic cleft by the presynaptic membrane
|
Reuptake
|
|
Cell body of a Neuron is called
|
Soma
|
|
Somatic Nervous System
|
Nerves that connect to Skeletal muscles and Sensory receptors
|
|
To reduce epileptic surgery a doctor may cut this
|
Corpus Callosum - Split brain surgery
|
|
Branch of ANS that mobilizes body resources for energy
|
Sympathetic Division
|
|
Synapse
|
Where information is transmitted from one neuron to another
|
|
Gap between terminal button of a Neuron and the cell membrane of another Neuron
|
Synaptic cleft
|
|
Small Knobs at the end of axons the secrete chemicals called Neurotransmitters
|
Terminal Buttons
|
|
Cells that receive and transmit information
|
Neurons
|
|
Axons that carry information inward to the CNS (Central Nervous System)
|
Afferent
|
|
A long thin fiber that transmits signals away from the Neuron cell body to other Neurons, Muscles or glands
|
AXON
|
|
The Brain and spinal cord is what
|
Central Nervous System
|
|
Outer layer of the Cerebrum
|
Cerrebral Cortex
|
|
A solution that fills in the hollow cavities (ventricles) of the brain and circulates around the brain & spinal cord
|
Cerebrospinal Fluid - It acts as a cushion or buffer for the cortex, protects the brain
|
|
Structure that connects the 2 cerebral hemispheres
|
Corpus Callosum
|
|
Axons that carry information outward from the CNS to the Periphery of the body
|
Efferent Nerve Fibers
|
|
Increases likelihood of Neurons will fire action potentials
|
Excitatory PSP
|
|
Autonomic Nervous System mobilizes the organism to attack or feel an enemy
|
Fight or Flight
|
|
Largest part of the brain & most complicated region of the brain __________, ________________, ______________,
_____________ |
Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic System, Cerebrum
|
|
A persons Genetic Make up
|
Genotype
|
|
When 2 genes in a specific pair are different
|
Heterozygous Condition
|
|
Structure near the base of the forebrain that regulates Biological Needs
|
Hypothalamus
|
|
Lower parts of the Brain stem _______ & _________
|
Medulla & Pons
|
|
When 2 genes in a pair are the same
|
Homozygous
|
|
Chemicals released by endocrine system
|
Hormones
|
|
Decreases likelihood of a post synaptic Neuron will fire action potentials
|
Inhibitory PSP
|
|
Lies between hindbrain and forebrain - Controls Visual and Auditory system
|
Midbrain
|
|
Bundles of Neuron Fibers (axons) that are routed together in a peripheral nervous system
|
Nerves
|