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81 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Like a tree, each branch is a telephone wire that carries incoming message to you
DENDRITES are treelike extensions at the beginning of a neuron that help increase the surface area of the cell body. These tiny protrusions receive information from other neurons and transmit electrical stimulation to the soma. Dendrites are also covered with synapses.
Like the insulation that covers electrical wires
Myelin is a (electrically insulating) material that forms a layer, the myelin sheath, usually around only the axon of a neuron. It is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system.
Like a silicon ship in a computer that receives and transmits information between input and output devices as well as between other chips
A NEURON is an electrically excitable cell that processes and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals.
Like an electrical cable that carries information
The function of an AXON is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands.
Like maintenance personel who keep things clean and in working order so the operations of the enterprise can proceed
GLIA provide support and protection for neurons in the brain and peripheral nervous system.
Like a nozzle at the end of a hose, from which water is squirted
TERMINAL BUTTONS are located at the end of the neuron and are responsible for sending the signal on to other neurons.
Like a railroad junction, where two trains may meet
SYNAPSE transmits information between neurons
An transmitter involved in the regulation of sleep and perhaps aggression
SEROTONIN It is popularly thought to be a contributor to feelings of well-being and happiness
Two Monoamines that have been linked to depression
Serotonin & Noreplenephrine

Monoamines trigger crucial components such as emotion, arousal, and cognition
Chemicals that resemble opiate drugs in structure and that are involved in pain relief
ENDORPHINS They are produced by the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus during exercise, excitement, pain, spicy food consumption, love, and sexual activity, and they resemble the opiates in their abilities to produce a feeling of well-being.
A neurotransmitter for which abnormal levels have been implicated in schizophrenia
DOPAMINE It is a neurohormone that is released by the hypothalamus.
The only neurotransmitter between motor neurons and voluntary muscles
ACETYLCHOLINE In the peripheral nervous system, acetylcholine activates muscles, and is a major neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system.
Miriam is exhibiting language deficits. In particular, she does not seem to comprehend the meaning of words
Wernik's Area - Speech
Camille displays tremors and muscular rigidity and is diagnosed as having Parkinsonism
Deficit in dopamine
Ricard, a 28-year old computer executive has gradually seen his strength and motor coordination deteriorate badly. He is diagnosed as having multiple sclerosis
Degeneration of Mylan Sheath - Protective outer cord
Wendy is highly irrational, has poor contact with reality, and reports hallucinations. She is given a diagnosis of schizophrenic disorder.
Disturbance in dopamine or glutamate activity
The findings from family studies indicate that heredity may influence a trait if______________________
show more trait similarity than________________________
Closer relatives;more distant relatives
The findings from twin studies suggest that heredity influences a trait if ______________________
show more trait similarity than ________________________
Identical Twins; Fraternal Twins
The findings from adoption studies suggest that heredity influences a trait if children adopted at a young age share more trait similarity with ___________________
than their ______________________
Biologic parents; Adoptive parents
The findings from family studies, twin studies, or adoption studies suggest that heredity does not influence a trait when ______________________ is not
related to _______________________
Genetic overlap; Trait similarity
This researcher showed that morphine exerts its effects by binding to specialized receptors in the brain, leading to the discovery of endorphins.
Solomon Snyder
In the 1950's, this research team discovered del-stimulation sites in the rat brain, suggesting that the limbic system may include "pleasure centers"
James Old & Peter Milner
This 19-Century theorist, who invented the concepts of fitness and natural selection, was the original architect of evolutionary therapy
Charle Darwin
These researchers conducted the original split-brain studies, which demonstrate that the right and left hemispheres of the brain each have their own special abilities
Roger Sperry & Michael Gazzaniga
These researchers used axons taken from squid to conduct influential research on the biochemical bases of the neural impulse
Alan Hodgkin & Andrew Huxley
Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland is the control center for _______________________
Endoctrine System
What causes "Flight or Fight"
Hormones
Cerebrum is divided into 4 lobes______________,_____________,_______________,
____________________
Occipital,Parietal,Temporal, Frontal
Frontal lobe is responsible for
movement
Temporal Lobe is responsible for
Hearing
Parietal lobe is responsible for
Touch
Occipital Lobe is responsible for
Vision
Broca's Area is associated with
Speech
Wernicke's area is associated with
Language
What hemisphere is more dominant
Left Hemisphere - Usually processes language
Right hemisphere specialized to handle
Visual-spacial functions
What system secretes hormones
Endoctrine system
Hormones
regulation of basic bodily functions
Hind brain consists of ______________, ___________,
________________
Medulla, Pons, Cerebellum
Medula regulates
Breathing and circulation
Cerebellum regulates
motor coordination and balance
Pons Regulates
sleep and arousal
Thalamus is located in the hindbrain where all ________________ goes through except smell.
Sensory information
Limbic system contributes to ____________
Memory
Amygdala contributes to
emotion
Hypothalamus regulates
Biological needs of organisms
Corpus Callosum connects _____________ & ___________
Left Hemisphere and Right Hemisphere
Neurotransmitters
the chemicals which allow the transmission of signals from one neuron to the next across synapses
Branch of (ANS) that conserves bodily resources
Parasympathetic
Nerves that lie outside the nervous system
Peripheral Nervous system
What is the "Mastery Gland"
Pituitary Gland - Releases hormones, stimulating actions in Endoctrine System
Voltage change at receptor site
Postsynaptic Potential (PSP)
masked when genes are different (Heterozygous)
Recessive Gene
Neurotransmitters are sponged up from the Synaptic cleft by the presynaptic membrane
Reuptake
Cell body of a Neuron is called
Soma
Somatic Nervous System
Nerves that connect to Skeletal muscles and Sensory receptors
To reduce epileptic surgery a doctor may cut this
Corpus Callosum - Split brain surgery
Branch of ANS that mobilizes body resources for energy
Sympathetic Division
Synapse
Where information is transmitted from one neuron to another
Gap between terminal button of a Neuron and the cell membrane of another Neuron
Synaptic cleft
Small Knobs at the end of axons the secrete chemicals called Neurotransmitters
Terminal Buttons
Cells that receive and transmit information
Neurons
Axons that carry information inward to the CNS (Central Nervous System)
Afferent
A long thin fiber that transmits signals away from the Neuron cell body to other Neurons, Muscles or glands
AXON
The Brain and spinal cord is what
Central Nervous System
Outer layer of the Cerebrum
Cerrebral Cortex
A solution that fills in the hollow cavities (ventricles) of the brain and circulates around the brain & spinal cord
Cerebrospinal Fluid - It acts as a cushion or buffer for the cortex, protects the brain
Structure that connects the 2 cerebral hemispheres
Corpus Callosum
Axons that carry information outward from the CNS to the Periphery of the body
Efferent Nerve Fibers
Increases likelihood of Neurons will fire action potentials
Excitatory PSP
Autonomic Nervous System mobilizes the organism to attack or feel an enemy
Fight or Flight
Largest part of the brain & most complicated region of the brain __________, ________________, ______________,
_____________
Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic System, Cerebrum
A persons Genetic Make up
Genotype
When 2 genes in a specific pair are different
Heterozygous Condition
Structure near the base of the forebrain that regulates Biological Needs
Hypothalamus
Lower parts of the Brain stem _______ & _________
Medulla & Pons
When 2 genes in a pair are the same
Homozygous
Chemicals released by endocrine system
Hormones
Decreases likelihood of a post synaptic Neuron will fire action potentials
Inhibitory PSP
Lies between hindbrain and forebrain - Controls Visual and Auditory system
Midbrain
Bundles of Neuron Fibers (axons) that are routed together in a peripheral nervous system
Nerves