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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Chlamydia
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Most frequently reported infectious disease in the US; Major cause of female sterility
S&S- silent STD, often has no symptoms, thick vaginal & penal discharge, burning sensation, itching, abdominal pain ETI- chlamydia trachomatis, bacteria Dx- swab cultures Tx- azithromycin, erythromycin, doxycycline |
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Gonorrhea
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Infection of the GI tract
S&S- purulent discharge, dysuria, up to 50% of men are asymptomatic, can lead to PID, septicemia, septic arthritis ETI- bacterium Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Dx- cultures, gram stain Tx- ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, doxycycline |
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Trichomoniasis
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protozoal infection of the lower GI tract, 15% of people who are sexually active have trichomoniasis
S&S- dysuria, itching, women may notice a profuse greenish yellow odorous discharge, men may notice a whitish discharge from the penis ETI- protozoal infection caused by trichomonas vaginalis Dx- wet preparation Tx- flagyl |
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Genital Herpes
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Infection of the skin of the genital area
S&S- recurrant, incurable viral disease, blisterlike lesionsare noted somewhere on the genitals or around the anus, flu symptoms, dysuria ETI- HSV-1, HSV-2 Dx- physical exam, antigen test, tissue culture Tx- no cure, prescription drugs are available to reduce the duration & frequency of outbreaks, acyclovir, valacyclovir |
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UTI, Cystitis, Urethritis
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Inflammation of the urinary bladder & urethra are two common forms of lower UTI
S&S- urgency, frequency, possibly incontinence, pain in the pelvic region & low back, fever ETI- ascending bacterial invasion of the urinary tract. The most common causative microorganism is E. coli Dx- clean-catch UA, urine culture, cystoscopy Tx- amoxicillin, septra, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, pyridium |
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Neurogenic Bladder
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Dysfunction of urinary bladder control that consists of difficulty in e,ptying the bladder or urinary incontinence
S&S- decreased volume of urinary stream, urinary retention, not able to control voiding pattern, persistently incontinent of small amounts of urine ETI- insult to the brain, spinal cord, or the nerves, trauma or disease Dx- uroflowmeter, cystometry Tx- ditropan, detrol LA |
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Stress Incontinence
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uncontrollable leakage of small amounts of urine
S&S-leakage of urine on coughing, sneezing, laughing, lifting, running ETI- weakening of the pelvic floor muscles & the urethral structure, trauma to the area resulting from childbirth, obesity Dx- patient hx, cystourethrogram Tx- kegel exercise, estrogen cream |
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Wilm's Tumor
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Malignant neoplasm of the kidney that affects children younger than 5 years. It is the most common kidney tumor of childhood.
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Chronic Renal Failure
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Results from the gradual & progressive loss of nephrons
S&S- weak, lethargic, hypertension, edema ETI- primary diseases, infections of the kidney Dx- blood studies, UA, 24-hour urine, KUB x-ray, kidney scan, IV pyelogram Tx- dialysis, kidney transplant |
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Pyelonephritis
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Most common type of renal disease, is an inflammation of the renal pelvis & connective tissue of one or both kidneys.
S&S- fever, chills, N/V, flank (lumbar) pain, foul odor to urine, hematuria, pyuria ETI- bacteria Dx- clean-catch UA, blood culture, urine culture Tx- septra, cefixime, levofloxacin |
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Renal Calculi
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Stones in the kidney or elsewhere in the urinary tract formed by the concentration of various mineral salts.
S&S- severe pain in the flank area, urgency, N/V, hematuria, fever chills, abdominal distention ETI- unknown, excessive amount of calcium or uric acid present in the blood Dx- UA, KUB x-ray, IV pyelogram Tx- analgesic therapy, fluid hydration, surgery, lithotripsy (ESWL), diuretics |
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Polycystic Kidney Disease
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Slowly progressive & irreversible disorder in which normal renal tissue is replaced with multiple grape like cysts. Renal failure.
S&S- lumbar pain, abdominal pain, hematuria, hypertension, can lead to kidney failure ETI- inherited Dx- UA, abdominal CT scans, abdominal MRIs, IV pyelogram Tx- dialysis, kidney transplant |
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Acute Glomerulonephritis
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Inflammation & swelling of the glomeruli of the kidneys.
S&S- proteinuria, edema, decreased urine volume, hematuria, HTN, HA ETI- follows an infection caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus, idipathic Dx- abnormal UA, blood tests, KUB x-ray Tx- antihypertensives, diuretics, antibiotics, protein & salt & fluid intake reduced |
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Chronic Glomerulonephritis
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Sloely progressive, noninfectious disease that can lead to irreversible renal damage & renal failure.
S&S- asymptomatic, hypertension, hematuria, proteinuria, oliguria, edema, azotemia ETI- immune mechanisms Dx- UA, blood tests, radiographic studies, ultrasonography, renal biopsy Tx- antihypertensives, diuretics, antibiotics, protein & salt & fluid intake reduced, may require dialysis |
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Nephrotic Syndrome (Nephrosis)
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encompasses a group of symptoms sometimes referred to as the protein-losing kidney.
S&S- proteinuria, loss of appetite, puffy around eyes, pitting edema ETI- result of exposure to certain toxins & drugs, pregnancy, kidney transplant, metabolic disease, infection, allergic reaction Dx- proteinuria, 24-hour urine specimen, abnormal blood test, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, renal biopsy Tx- sodium intake lowered, corticosteroids, diuretics |
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Acute Renal Failure
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A sudden & severe reduction in renal function.
S&S- oliguria, GI disturbances, HA, drowsiness ETI- diminished blood flow to the kidney, nephrotoxic Dx- blood tests, UA, kidney scan, ultrasonogram, IV pyelogram Tx- remove toxicity, limit NA & K intake, antihypertensives, diuretics |
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Breast Cancer
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This cancer is 100 times more common in women than men.
S&S- lump, swelling, tenderness of the breast; dimpling of the breast, ulceration or the retraction of the nipple ETI- risk factors: family hx, over 50, never pregnant or pregnant after 35, early menarche or menopause after 50 Dx- mammogram, lump biopsy Tx- lumpectomy, mastectomy, radiation/chemo |
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Eclampsia
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When a seizure occurs in a pregnant patient with preeclampsia.
S&S- extreme HTN induced grand mal seizure, confusion, disorentation ETI- unknown Dx- hx of preeclampsia Tx- magnesium sulfate, delivery of the infant |
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Genital Warts
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One of the most common sexually transmitted infections in the world.
S&S- contagious cauliflower-like growths in the genital area ETI- human papillomavirus (HPV), can lead to many cancers, namely cervical Dx- visual Tx- antiviral cream, cryosurgery |
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Syphilis
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Chronic, systemic, sexually transmitted infection that consists of four stages.
S&S- begins with the presence of a painless but highly contagious local lesion called a chancre ETI- T. pallidum spirochete Dx- culture of lesion Tx- penicillin G, doxycycline |
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Endometriosis
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Chronic condition characterized by extrauterine endometrial tissue
S&S- dysmenorrhea, painful intercourse, painful defecation, infertility ETI- unknown Dx- pelvic exam, ultrasound, laparoscopy Tx- danazol |
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PID (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease)
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infection of the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and surrounding tissue.
S&S- foul-smelling vaginal discharge, painful, tender abdomen, complications include pelvic adhesions, ectopic pregnancy, peritonitis, & septicemia. Main cause of infertility. ETI- initial infection usually started by an STD, usually chlamydia Dx- pelvic exam, cervical culture, ultrasound Tx- antibiotics |
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Cervical Cancer
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Biggest risk factor developing this cancer is lack of regular PAP smears (this is a preventable cancer).
S&S- watery, bloody, or purulent vaginal discharge that may be heavy & foul smelling, & bleeding betweem menstrual periods, after intercourse, or after menopause ETI- HPV DNA is detected in more than 90% of invasive cervical cancers Dx- pap smear, colposcopy, cystoscopy Tx- loop electrsurgical excision procedure (LEEP), hysterectomy, radiation/chemo |
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Ovarian Cancer
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Accounts for more deaths than any other gynecologic malignancy.
S&S- constipation, lower back pain, irregular menstrual cycles, urinary frequency, dyspareunia, ascites ETI- unknown Dx- pelvic exam, transvaginal ultrasound, serum tumor markers Tx- surgical removal, hysterectomy, radiographic testing |
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Ectopic Pregnancy
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Fertilized ovum implants & grows outside the endometrial canal.
S&S- positive pregnancy test, pelvic pain, cramping of the uterus with or without bleeding ETI- unknown, pelvic adhesions, damaged fallopian tubes, previous pelvic infection Dx- ultrasound, serum hCG Tx- laparoscopic surgery |
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Preeclampsia
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Serious disease of pregnancy charcterized by hypertension & proteinuria.
S&S- weight gain, edema, HTN, protein in the urine ETI- unknown Dx- blood pressure, UA Tx- magnesium sulfate, delivery of the infant |
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Placenta Previa
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When the placenta covers the opening to the cervix.
S&S- painless, bright vaginal bleeding, usually in the first or second trimester ETI- low implantation of the ovum in the uterine cavity Dx- pelvic ultrasonogram Tx- exercise & intercourse are avoided, c-section @ 36 weeks |
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BPH (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia)
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Difficulty in starting urination, a weak stream of urine, or inability to empty the bladder completly. Urinary frequency, including nocturia
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Prostatitis
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Acute or chronic inflammation of the prostate gland.
S&S- burning sensation during urination, low back pain, urinary frequency with urgency, hematuria ETI- bacterial or nonbacterial, more common in men over 50 Dx- UA, white blood cell count (WBC) Tx- levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ABX |
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Prostate Cancer
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Common cancer, it grows so slowly that only 3% of men with prostate cancer will die from it.
S&S- asmptomatic, urinary obstruction ETI- age, heredity, lifestyle, more common in older men & rarely occurs before age 45 Dx- PSA level, DRE, biopsy Tx- radiation/chemo, surgery, premarin, prempro |
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Testicular Cancer
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One of the most curable solid neoplasms
S&S- painless swelling of one testicle ETI- most common in males between the ages of 20 & 35, cryptorchidism (undescended testicle) Dx- physical exam Tx- chemo, surgery |
