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61 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Population

group of individuals of the same species in the same area and can interbreed. For birds, it includes resident and migratory populations.

Demographics

are statistics that describe a population such as population size (total number of individuals), population density (number of individuals per unit area), population distribution (describes whether individuals are clumped, uniformly dispersed or randomly dispersed in an area) and age structure ( number of individuals in various age categories).

Sampling methods

include plot sampling ( for organisms that do not move by marking counts in sample plots and extrapolating from this to the number in the larger area) and mark-recapture sampling (for animals marking individuals, releasing them, then checking the population of marks among those recaptured at a later time). Population growth is affected by the size of the reproductive base.

Population size

is the affected by birth rate, death rate, emigration (movement of individuals out of a population) and immigration (movement of individuals into a population). In exponential growth, population size increases at a fixed rate. The maximum growth rate under optimal conditions is the biotic potential

Limiting factor

a necessary resource the depletion of which hats population growth.


(a) Density-dependent factor: limits population grow and has a greater effect in dense populations than in less dense ones.


(b) Density: independent factor-limits population growth and arises regardless of population density.


(c) Logistic growth: density-dependent limiting factors that cause population growth to slow as population size increase.


(d) Carrying capacity: maximum number of individuals of a species that an environment can sustain.

Life history pattern

has several aspects: number of reproductive events, number of offspring per event and life span. Survivorship curves are of 3 types: high death rate in life, consultant rate at all ages and a high rate early in life.

The human is about 7billion

New habits and invention of agriculture allowed early increases but medical and technological innovations raised carrying capacity and limiting factors.


a. Total fertility rate- average number of children the women of a population bear over the course of a lifetime.


b. Ecological footprint- area of earth's surface required to sustainably support a particular level of development and consumption.

Community-

all species living in an area. introducing a new species can have negative effect of the community.

Symbiosis-

one species live in or on another in a commensal, mutualistic or parasitic relationship.

Commensalism

species interaction that benefits one species and neither helps nor harms the other.


eg. Lion and Vulture, whale and barnades

Habital

type of environment in which a species typically lives.

Mutualism

species interaction that benefits both species. zookanthlae, Mycorrhizae, Licheus.


eg. Hummingbird and flower- pollination.


oxpecker eats ticks of impala



Character displacement

outcome of competition between 2 species; similar traits that result in competion become dissimilar.

Competitive exclusion

process whereby 2 species compete for a limiting resource and one drives the other to local extinction.

Ecological niche

the resources and environmental conditions that a species requires

Interspecific competition

competition between 2 species.

Resource partitioning

species adapt to access different portions of a limited resource; allows species with similar needs to coexist.




Predation

one species captures, kills and eats another.

Camouflage

body coloration, from or behavior that helps predators or prey blend with the surroundings and possibly escape detection.

Herbivor

an animal feeds on plant parts.

Mimicry

a species evolves traits that make it similar in appearance to another species.

Warning coloration

in many well-defended or unpalatable species, bright colors, patterns and other signals that predators learn to recognize and avoid.

Brood parasitism

one egg laying species benefits by having another raise it offspring or caring for caring for their young.

parasitism

relationship in which one species withdraws nutrients from another species without immediately killing it. Parasites reduce the reproductive rate of host individuals by getting nutrients from them.


a. Endoparasites lives and feed inside their host.Ex. roundworms, flukes and tapeworms.


b. Ectoparasites feed while attached to a host


external surface. EX. ticks, mites, fleas, lice.

Parasitoid

an insect that lays eggs in another insect and whose young devour their host from the inside.

Intermediate disturbance hypothesis

species richness is greatest in communities where disturbance are moderate in their intensity or frequency.

Pioneer species

species that can colonize a new habitat.

Primary succession

a new community colonizes an area where there is no soil- occurs in a barren habitat.

Secondary succession-

a new community develops in a disturbed site where the soil has supported a previous community remains.

Exotic species

a species that evolved in one community and later become established in a different one; it threatens the native species.

Indicator species

a species that is especially sensitive to disturbance and can be monitored to asses the health of a habitat.

Keystone species

a species that has a disproportionately large effect on community structure.

area effect-

large islands have more species that small ones

Distance effect

islands close to a mainland have more species than those further away.

Equilibrium model of island biogeography

model that predicts the number of species on an island bases on the island's area and distance from the mainland.

consumer

organism that get energy and nutrients by feeding on tissues, wastes or remains of other organism; a heterotroph.

Decomposer

organism that feeds on biological remains and breaks organic material down into its inorganic subunits.

Detrivite -

consumer that feeds on small bits of organic material.







Ecosystem

a community of organism interacting with its environments

food chain

Sequence of feeding relationships,a describtion of who eats whom in one part of every flow in an ecosystem.

Primary producer or autotroph

an organism that captures energy from an inorganic source and stores it as biomass, first trophic level.

Trophic level

position of organic in a food chain

Detrital food web

food web in which most energy is transferred directly from producers to detritivorces remains of producers are the basis for this food web.

Food web

set of cross connecting food chains

Grazing food web

food web in which most energy is transferred from producers to grazers (herbivores) Tissues of living plants are the basis for this.

Biomass pyramid

diagram that depicts the biomass (dry weight) in each of an ecosystem's trophic levels;

Energy Pyramid

diagram that depicts the energy that enters each of an ecosystem's trophic levels. lowest tier represent primary producers, always the largest.

Primary production

rate at which an ecosystem's producers capture and store energy.

Aquifer

porous rock layer layer that holds some groundwater

Groundwater

soil water and water in aquifers.

Runoff

water that flows over soil into streams.

Soil water

water between soil particles

Water cycle

movement of water among Earth's atmostphere, oceans (marine or salt water) and the freshwater reservoirs on land.

Atmospheric cycle

biogeochemical cycle in which a gaseous form of an element. plays a significant role.

Carbon cycle

movement of carbon, mainly between oceans, atmosphere and living organism. largest reservoir of C is sedimentary rock; seawater is the largest reservoir of biologically available carbon . Marine producers take up bicarbonate and convert it to CO2 for photosynthesis. On land , c is stored in soil and peat bogs. the souce of CO2 is the atmosphere.

global climate change

a long -term change in Earth's climate, due to high CO2 from human activity; global temperature is rising and it affects evaporation, winds, currents, rainfall.

Greenhouse gas

atmospheric gas (CO2) that absorbs heat emitted by earth's surface and remits it thus keeping the planet warm. H2O vapor, CH4, N2O, O3

Nitrogen cycle

movement of nitrogen among the atmosphere, soil and water, and into and out of feed web.



(a) Ammonification: breakdown of nitrogen-containing organic material resulting in release of ammonia and ammonium ions.


(b) Denitrification: conversion of nitrates or nitrites to gaseous form of nitrogen.


(c). Nitrification: conversion of ammonium to nitrates


(d). Nitrogen fixation: incorporation of nitrogen from nitrogen gas into ammonia.

Burning fossil

fuels releases nitrous oxide, contributing to destruction of the ozone layer. Nitrate pollution of water comes from using synthetic fertilizer and also wastewater.

Phosphorus cycle

movement of phosphorus from weathering and erosions among earth's rocks and waters and into and out of food webs.

Sedimentary Cycle

biochemical cycle in which the atmosphere plays little role and rocks are the major reservoir. weathering puts phosphates into water.