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100 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
human bite wounds
oral flora
animal bite wounds
oral flora
infected burn wounds
nosocomial species and skin flora
soil contaminated wounds
anaerobic spore formers (and fungi)
surgical site infections
normal flora variable by site of wound and healthcare staff hygiene practices
Human bites
S. aureus and other normal oral flora
animal bites
pasteurella multocida and other anaerobes
What are the most common isolate from human bites?
viridans streptococci
Pasteurella characteristics
aerobic, gram (-), bipolar, non-motile
Are pasteurella penicillin sensitive?
Yes
Is pasteurella slow lr rapidly progressive?
rapidly progressive
Virulence factors for Pasteurella
LPS, capsule, cytotoxin and iron acquisition proteins
Agar growth and pasteurella
Grows well on blood and chocolate, but poorly on MAcConkey
What is the distinctive smell of pasteurella due to?
indole production
Pasteurella - Catalase and oxidase (positive/negative)?
Positive
Zone of coagulation
nearest the heat source, includes dead tissue forming the burn eschar
zone of stasis
area adjacent to the necrotic tissue in the coagulation zone is viable but risk of ischemia because of perfusion defects
zone of hperemia
the third area, which consists of relatively normal skin with increased blood flow and vasodilation and minimal cellular injury
Most common burn wound infection isolates: gram positive
s. pyogenes (most common in the past), Staph aureus (currently most common)
Most common burn wound infection isolates: gram negative
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella pneumoniae, acinetobacter baumannii
Most common burn wound infection isolates: fungi
aspergillus and Candida
Aspergillus is associated with _______
increased mortality
What are the two most common phyla of bacteria found on the skin?
actinobacteria and firmicutes (gram +) cocci or rods.
Firmicutes and G + C ration
Low G + C ration
How are firmicutes and actinobacteria differentiated?
low G+C= firmicutes
firmicutes most commonly found on skin
staph, strep, clostridium
actinobacteria most commonly found on skin
coryne bacteria, propionibacteria
2 most common surgical site infections
s. aureus (30%), coagulase (-) staph (14%)
The most common isolates of surgical site infections are members of the ______
skin and GI tract microbiota
Staph epidermidis: gram stain
+
Staph epidermidis: motility
non-motile
Staph epidermidis: coagulase activity
negative
Staph epidermidis: hemolycity
gamma (non hemolytic)
Staph epidermidis: aerobicity/
faculatative anaerobe
Staph epidermidis: salt and temp tolerance
both
Stap epidermidis commonly causes infections of:
prosthetic heart valves, catheters and shunts, prosthetic joints
How are staph and strep differentiated?
catalase test - staph = (+). Strep = (-)
Does staph love it some salt?
Yes
Staph aureus: gram stain
+
Staph aureus: catalase
+
Staph aureus: aerobicity
facultative anaerobe
Staph aureus: hemolycity
B-hemolytic
Staph aureus: salt and temp toleranct?
both
Staph aureus: color?
golden (aureus)
Staph aureus: polysaccharide capsule key characteristic?
anti-phagocytic
Staph aureus: coagulase?
+
How are S. Aureus and S. epidermidis differentiated?
coagulase test (aureus is +)
B-hemolytic staph sensitivity to bacitracin?
resistant
beta-hemolytic group A strep sensitivity to bacitracin?
sensitive
diseases od s aureus
scalded skin syndrome, folliculitis, furuncles (boils), carbuncles, wound infection
burns-
sterile for about 48 hours, then colonized with skin microbiota. After 5 to 7 days the wound becomes colonized with yeast and or gram + and gram - bacteria from environment
furuncles
extension of folliculitis- large painful raised nodules
carbuncles
occur when furuncles coalesce
Protein A
binds to Fc portion of circulatin antibodies having an anti opsinization effect. I makes S. auerus a "stealth" bacteria
Collagen binding protein
c n a
fibronectin bindind proteins
fnbA
sialoprotein adhesin
staph cytolytic toxins
alpha, Beta, sigma, gamma, P-V leukocidin
staph exfoliative toxins
A and B
staph enterotoxins
A throuh E, G, H, I
staph toxic shock toxin
TSST-1 (toxic shock syndrome toxin
Super antigens of staph
exfoliative Toxin A, enterotoxins, TSST-1
Super antigens (Sag) bind what?
TCR and MHC2 simultaneously
The cytolytic toxins:
lyse cell membranes
exfoliative toxins site of action
break down desmosomes that hold cells together in the epidermis
desmoglein
one of the proteins that hold cells together that exfoliatve toxin targets
hyaluronidase
hyrdolses extracellular matrix
staphylokinase
dissolves clots
lipase
allows for survival in subaceuous areas of the body
Dnase
hyrdrolyzes abcess material reducing viscosity so that the bacterial cell does not get traped and eliminated
coagulase
clumps staph cells and converts fibrinogen to fibrin to cause formation of a fibrin layer around the cells to protect them from phagocytosis
Clostridium genus: where found?
soil, water, sewage and normal microbial flora of GI tract
Clostridium genus: spore formers?
Yes
Clostridium genus: aerobicity?
obligate anaerobe
Clostridium genus: normally found with what organisms in infection?
faculatative anaerobes or aerobic
Clostridium genus: what they produce
exotoxins, enterotoxins and neurotoxins
C. perfingens: shape and gram staining, aerobicity
large rectangular, gram + anaerobic rods
C perfingens: can spores be present?
Yes, but rarely
C. perfingens: alpha toxin
lyses erythrocytes, platelets and leukocytes
C. perfingens: Beta toxin
intestinal stasis progressing to necrotizing enteritis
C. perfingens: Epsilon toxin
increaes the vascular permeability of GI
C. perfingens: Iota toxin
necrotic activity and increases vascular permeability
soft tissue diseases associated with C. perfringens
cellulitis, fasciitis or suppurative myositis, myonecrosis or gas gangrene
Diagnostic tests for C. perfringens: does it grow in solid media in 10% CO2 in air?
NO
Diagnostic tests for C. perfringens: B-hemolysis characteristics
double zone of B-hemolysis is produce by theta and alpha toxins
Diagnostic tests for C. perfringens: reverse cAMP test
Positive
Diagnostic tests for C. perfringens: catalase?
Negative
Diagnostic tests for C. perfringens: Presence of PMNs in smears?
Absent
Diagnostic tests for C. perfringens: Gas production in tissues?
Positive
Diagnostic tests for C. perfringens: Nagler reaction for lecithinase neutralization with antitoxin?
Positive
C. Tetani: virulence factors:
rapid sporulation, tentanolysin, tetanospasmin
tetanolysin
an oxygen labile hemolysin
tetanospasmin
an A-B toxin responsible for disruption of neurotransmitter release - spastic paralysis including RISUS SARDONICUS (facial paralysis)
C. Tetani: diseases
generalized tetanus, localized tetanus, cephalic tetanus (cranial nerve palsy), neonatal tetanus
What group is most affected by tetanus?
neonates
What contributes to neonatal tetanus?
unvaccinated mother, home delivery, unhygienic cutting of the umbilical cord, infectious substances applied to the umbilical stump
C. bot: where found
wound and food
C. bot: general characteristics
large fastidious, spore forming, anaerobic, rods, GRAM POSITIVE
C. bot: function of the botulism toxin
blocks neurotransmission, results in flaccid paralysis
C. bot: most common population?
infants