Week 5-Chapter 13-Chapter Review-Personality

Front 1

13-1
How did Sigmud Freud's treatment of psychological disorders leda to his view of the unconscious mind?

Back 1

-Freud viewed the unconscious mind as someting beneath our awareness with thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. Thoughts can be temporarily stored in a "preconscious area". Unconscious mind "repressed" feelings that were too painful to acknowledge but still had great influenced people in disguised form.

Front 2

13-2
What was Freud's view of personality?

Back 2

-Human personality-including emotions and strivings-arise from a conflict between impusle and restraints-between our aggressive, pleasure seeking biological urges and our internalized social control over these urges.
-Personality arises from our effort to resolve this basic conflict-in a way that brings satisfaction but not guilt or punsihment.

Front 3

13-3
What developmental stages did Freud propose?

Back 3

-Psychosexual sstages during early development include:
* Oral
*Anal
*Phallic
*Latency
*Genital

Front 4

13-4
How did Freud think people defended themselves against anxiety?

Back 4

-Defense mechanisms are tactics that reduce or redirect anxiety by distorting reality:
*Regression
*Reaction Formation
*Projection
*Rationalization
*Displacement
*Denial

Front 5

13-5
Which of Freud's idea's did his followers accept or reject?

Back 5

-Some followers accept the idea of ide, ego, and superego, the importance of unconsciousness, childhood personality shaping, and anxiety dynamics and defense mechanisms.
-Place more emphasis on the conscious mind with experiences and the environment interpretation.
-Doubing sex aggression as motivation, childhood is more social not sexual.

Front 6

13-6
What are projective tests, how are they used, and what are some criticisms of them?

Back 6

-personality test designed to trigger projections of one's nner dynamics.
-Critics say evidence is insufficient, only few tests have demonstrated validity, and professionals can be fooled by their assumtions and intuition which lacks evidence for effectiveness-and new ways of thinking are necessary.

Front 7

13-7
How do contemporary psychologists view Freud's psychoanalysis?

Back 7

-Development is life-long, not fixed in childhood.
-Overestimated parental influence, underestimated peer influence.
-Dispute that dreams disguise and fullfil wishes.
-Little support that defense mechanisms discuise sexual and aggressive impulses or that supressed sexuality causes psychological disorders.
-Scientific shortcomings-offer few testable hypothesis, fail to predict.
-Repression is a rare response to trauma.

Front 8

13-8
How has modern research developed our understanding of the unconscious?

Back 8

-Two track mind and unconsciousness are significant.
-confirmed defense mechanisms: projection and anxiety.

Front 9

13-9
How did humanistic psychologists view personality, and what was their goal in studying personality?

Back 9

-Humanistic psychologists view personality with a focus on potential for healthy personal growth. their goal is to help others know, accept, and be true to themselves.

Front 10

13-10
How did humanistic psychologists assess a person's sense of self?

Back 10

-Some use questionairres to evaluate patients ideal self others discourage self assessments and use interviews and intimate conversations to understand a person.

Front 11

13-11
How have humanistic theories influenced psychology? What criticisms have they faced?

Back 11

-Ideas have influenced counseling, educatoin, child rearing, and management.
-Today's popular psychology that postive self concept is the key to happiness and success.
-Critics say its vague and subjective.
-Description of spontaneous, loving, self-accepting and productive are the theorists own valuews.
-Individualism leads to self indulgence, slefishness, and erosion of moral constraints.
-Subjects are "naive" and fail to appreciate the human capacity for evil that requires enough realism to fuel concern and enough optimism to provide hope.

Front 12

13-12
How do psychologists use traits to describe personality?

Back 12

-Psychologists determine personality by placing people on several trait dimension simuteaneously which enables countless individual personality variations.
-Psychologists condense descriptions to a list of manageable traits by using techniques such as "factor analysis":
*extraversion, introversion, and emotional instability/stability.

-Psychologists also take biology into account when using traits to describe personality; with brain activity scans. Genes determine temperment and behavior which determines traits-personality.

Front 13

13-13
What are personality inventories, and what are their strengths and weaknessess?

Back 13

-Personality inventories are questionairres on which people respond to items designated to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.
-System's objectivity has contributed to its popularity and translation into more than 100 languages.
-Objectivity does not guarantee validity and bias or misleading answers from subjects can give inaccurate results.

Front 14

13-14
Which traits seem to provide the most useful information about personality variations?

Back 14

-"The Big Five" are currently psychology's best approximation of the basic trait dimensions.
*Conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion-

Front 15

13-15
Does research support the consistency of personality traits over time across situations?

Back 15

-Yes, research supports consistency with personality traits, and as we grow older, our personalities stabilize.
-Personality is both stable and potent but our behavior changes with situations;-interactions with our inner dispositions and environment.

Front 16

13-16
Who first proposed the social cognitive perspective, and how do these theorists view personality development?

Back 16

-Social cognitive perspective on personality was first proposed by Albert Bandura.
-Views behavoir as influenced by the interactio between people's traitsand their social context. We learn many behaviors through conditioning or imitating/observing others.

Front 17

13-17
How do social-cognitive researchers explore behavior, and what criticisms have they faced?

Back 17

-Social cognitive researchers explore behavior through how people react to situations; often observing behavior in realistic situations. Determined either through a person's past behavior or simulating the tasks and observing how they handle it.

-Critics state that social-cognitive theories focus so much on situations that they fail to appreciate inner traits and biological influences such as unconscious motives, emotions, and pervasive traits.

Front 18

13-18
Why has psychology generated so much research on the self? How important is self-esteem to psychology and human well-being?

Back 18

-Psychology has determined that "self"-organizer of thoughts, feelings, and actions, is the center of personality.

-High self-esteem is a feeling of self worth, resulting in better sleep, less pressure to conform, more persistent at difficult tasks, and less shy, anxious, and lonely.
-Low self esteem can ressult in racial prejudism, oversensitive, judgemental, excessively critical.

Front 19

13-19
What evidence reveals self serving bias, and how do defensive and secure self esteem differ?

Back 19

-Self-serving bias is our readiness to perceive ourselves favorably; seen when accepting responsibility for good deeds and not accepting responsibility for failures.

-Defensive self-esteem is fragile, focuses on sustaining self, failures and criticisms are perceived as threatening, which can feed anger and disorder.
-Secure self-esteem is less fragile and less dependent on external evaluations. Focuses on acceptance for who we are and less on materialism which relieves unnecessary pressure to succeed resulting in a greater quality of life.