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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Jacque Marquette
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1674
Jesuit explorer thought "Aboriginal men lower themselves by doing what women do" |
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Berdaches
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- dressed and lived as opposite gender
- all first nations people who occupied a mix gendered role - old Persian word for "slave" - referred to by different names depending on the tribe |
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Berdaches (Aboriginal view)
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- occupy a space in between genders
- considered a third gender |
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Gender in Aboriginal communities
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- male
- female - male two-spirit - female two-spirit - seemed to have more skills - thought highly of (shawman) |
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European view of Sodomy in Aboriginal colonialism (cases)
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James McKenzie - accuse Aboriginals of sodomy
Barren - "several hermaphrodites" - projection of European views |
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Two-Spirit Marriages
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- marry someone of same "sex"
- didn't care |
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Judith Butler
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Thought of gender as PERFORMATIVE
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Gale Ruben
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Sexual theorist
- sexuality is entangled with gender but can also be separate |
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European view of marriage
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- Monogamy
- 1877 First marriage of white couple |
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George Foster & Addie Chisholm
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- married in 1889
- first husband abandoned her; she remained in Ottawa; they were shunned; people questioned the legal validity of the divorce |
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Plural Marriage
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- not the same meaning as European polygamy
- didn't have separate word to describe it (it was so common) - kin and community |
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Inter-racial marriage
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- white fur traders married aboriginal women
- canadian state did not see this as legitimate (ex Alexander Henry and aboriginal wife) |
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Indian Act of 1876
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- European ideas of marriage
- administered through Indian Affairs - Duncan Campbell Scott - white patriarchal models - changed law so if a woman married a white man she lost her status - became sexual police agent on reserves |
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How did Aboriginals trace their family lines?
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MATRILINEAL (through the mothers)
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"Traffic of Indian Girls"
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1886
Aboriginal tradition to exchange gifts between families (looks like brides are sold - NOT) |
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1887 Law on Native Marriages
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Gerald Thompson
- opposed divorce - all Aboriginal divorce and remarriage customs are illegal in Canada |
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"A Red Girls Reasoning"
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Pauline Johnson
- 1893 story - young Aboriginal woman told by her whits husband that her parent's marriage is not real - she tells him "we are not married" - doesn't have to recognize his marriage rights |
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Revival of Two-Spirit Tradition
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1990
Winnipeg - Aboriginal LGBT meeting - reclaim term two-spirit as a way to replace European "gay" |
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Ken Monkman
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Cree-Canadian Artist
- gives 21st meaning to Aboriginal men's bodies - alter ego "Miss Chief Eagle Testicle" - commodification of Aboriginal cultures |