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19 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Jacque Marquette
1674

Jesuit explorer


thought "Aboriginal men lower themselves by doing what women do"

Berdaches
- dressed and lived as opposite gender

- all first nations people who occupied a mix gendered role


- old Persian word for "slave"


- referred to by different names depending on the tribe

Berdaches (Aboriginal view)
- occupy a space in between genders

- considered a third gender

Gender in Aboriginal communities
- male

- female


- male two-spirit


- female two-spirit


- seemed to have more skills - thought highly of (shawman)

European view of Sodomy in Aboriginal colonialism (cases)
James McKenzie - accuse Aboriginals of sodomy



Barren - "several hermaphrodites" - projection of European views





Two-Spirit Marriages
- marry someone of same "sex"

- didn't care

Judith Butler
Thought of gender as PERFORMATIVE
Gale Ruben
Sexual theorist

- sexuality is entangled with gender but can also be separate

European view of marriage
- Monogamy

- 1877 First marriage of white couple

George Foster & Addie Chisholm
- married in 1889

- first husband abandoned her; she remained in Ottawa; they were shunned; people questioned the legal validity of the divorce

Plural Marriage
- not the same meaning as European polygamy

- didn't have separate word to describe it (it was so common)


- kin and community

Inter-racial marriage
- white fur traders married aboriginal women

- canadian state did not see this as legitimate (ex Alexander Henry and aboriginal wife)

Indian Act of 1876
- European ideas of marriage

- administered through Indian Affairs


- Duncan Campbell Scott


- white patriarchal models


- changed law so if a woman married a white man she lost her status


- became sexual police agent on reserves

How did Aboriginals trace their family lines?
MATRILINEAL (through the mothers)
"Traffic of Indian Girls"
1886

Aboriginal tradition to exchange gifts between families (looks like brides are sold - NOT)

1887 Law on Native Marriages
Gerald Thompson

- opposed divorce


- all Aboriginal divorce and remarriage customs are illegal in Canada

"A Red Girls Reasoning"
Pauline Johnson

- 1893 story


- young Aboriginal woman told by her whits husband that her parent's marriage is not real


- she tells him "we are not married" - doesn't have to recognize his marriage rights

Revival of Two-Spirit Tradition
1990

Winnipeg


- Aboriginal LGBT meeting


- reclaim term two-spirit as a way to replace European "gay"

Ken Monkman
Cree-Canadian Artist

- gives 21st meaning to Aboriginal men's bodies


- alter ego "Miss Chief Eagle Testicle"


- commodification of Aboriginal cultures