Week 3 Pbd

Front 1

synthesis of __ from ___ accounts for 50% cholesterol elimination from the body

Back 1

bile acids from cholesterol
(major way cholesteral is being removed)

Front 2

synthesis of bile acids from cholesterol requires __ different enzymes

Back 2

17

Front 3

synthesis of bile acids from cholesterol converts cholesterol to a ____ and readily excreted molecule

Back 3

water-soluble

Front 4

majority of circulating bile acids are conjugated with __ or ___

Back 4

glycine or taurine

Front 5

conjucated bile acids are present as salts and are called -__

Back 5

bile salts

Front 6

a majority of circulating ___ are conjugates with glycine and taurine

Back 6

bile acids

Front 7

true or false

transcellular transport of bile acids is achieved through diffusion

Back 7

false-
trancellular transport of bile acids require specialized transporters

Front 8

the entire bile pool is recirculated ___ or more times in response to ____

Back 8

the entire bile pool is recirculated 2 or more times in responseto a typical meal

Front 9

the recirculation of the bile is known as the ___

Back 9

enterohepatic circulation

Front 10

what type of cells synthesize bile?

Back 10

hepatocytes

Front 11

after bile is synthesized in hapatocytes, it is transported to ____

Back 11

caniculus

Front 12

in order for bile to be absorbed by enterocytes,, the use __ transporter

Back 12

ASBT

Front 13

once in cells, bile uses ___ to mover from apical portion of cell to basolateral portion

Back 13

MRP3 and MRP4

Front 14

____ transports bile from basolateral portion of cell to blood (portal vein)

Back 14

OST

Front 15

after bile is transported from the basolateral portion of the cell to the portal vein, bile is conjugated with ___ as they travel through the portal vein from the intestine back to liver and enter the sinusoidal spaces

Back 15

albumen

Front 16

after the albumen is removed the bile acids are tranported into hepatocytes (basolateral surface) from the protal vein by __ ,___, and ___

Back 16

OATPs, mEH, NTCP

Front 17

OATPs, mEH, NTCP are ___ dependent cotransporters

Back 17

Na

Front 18

control of bile acid synthesis and secretion is controlled by the rate of return of ___ to the __

Back 18

return of bile acids to the liver

Front 19

stimulates the uptake and resecretion of bile acids (by the ___)

Back 19

hapatacytes

Front 20

the stimulation of secretion is called the ___ effect of bile

Back 20

choleretic effect

Front 21

___ are substances that enhance bile acid secretion

Back 21

choleretics

Front 22

__% of bile acids escape absorption and is excreted

Back 22

10-20%

Front 23

Bile acids that return to the liver are taken up by what kind of cells?

Back 23

hepatocytes
which rapidly resecretes them during the course of digestion

Front 24

Bile acids lost into the feces are the only significant source of ___excretion

Back 24

Cholesterol

Front 25

high blood cholesterol is a risk factor for ____

Back 25

coronary heart disease

Front 26

when do crystals of cholesterol tend to form in the bile?

Back 26

if more cholesterol is present in the bile than can be solublized in the micells, then the bile is supersaturated with cholesterol and crystals of cholesterol ten to form in the bile

Front 27

cholesterol crystals in bile leads to the formation of ____ in the duct system of the liver or in the gallbladder

Back 27

cholesterol gallstones

Front 28

____- accumulation of bile salts in the blood and deficiency of bile salts in the intestinal lumen

Back 28

cholestasis

Front 29

cholestasis is the accumulation of bile salts in the blood and deficiency of bile salts in the intestinal lumen , there is decreased bile flow through what ?

Back 29

canaliculi

Front 30

what is a degraded product of red blood cells, specifically the porphyrin moiety of hemoglobin

Back 30

bilirubin

Front 31

bilirubin is removed from the blood by hepatocytes and conjugates with glucuronic acid to form ___

Back 31

bilirubin glucuronides

Front 32

bilirubin is a degraded product of RBC, specifically ___ of hemoglobin is converted to bilirubin

Back 32

porphyrin moiety

Front 33

bilirubin is removed from the blood by ___ (type of cell)

Back 33

hepatocytes

Front 34

what stimulates the uptake and resecretion of bile acids as well as remove bilirubin from the blood

Back 34

hepatocytes

Front 35

bilirubin is removed from the blood by hepatocytes and conjugated with ___ to form bilirubin glucuronides

Back 35

glucuronic acid

Front 36

what color is bilirubin?

Back 36

yellow (contributes to the color of the bile)

Front 37

colonic bacteria convert bilirubin to ___

Back 37

urobilinogen

Front 38

what consists of calcium salts or unconjugated bilirubin?

Back 38

bile pigment gallstones

Front 39

conjugated bilirubin is soluble or insoluble

Back 39

soluble and does not form insoluble calcium salts in bile

Front 40

____ converts bilirubin to urobilinogen

Back 40

colonic bacteria

Front 41

in liver disease, bile may contain elevated levels of conjugated or unconjugated bilirubin?

Back 41

unconjugated (because hepatocytes are deficient in forming the bilirubin glucuronides)

Front 42

bilirubin glucuronides are secreted into the ___

Back 42

bile

Front 43

small intesting secretion is about ___ a day

Back 43

15000 ml/day

Front 44

what kind of cells line the columnar epithelial cells of the small intestie and secrete mucus

Back 44

goblet cells

Front 45

___ protects the lining of the mucosa in the intestin

Back 45

mucus

Front 46

small intestin secretion:

during normal digestion, aqueous secretions is produced by the ___ cells?

Back 46

epithelial cells

Front 47

what cells produce enzymes (altase, sucrase, lactase, and alph dexitrase which further break down ____ and ___

Back 47

enterocytes produce the enzymes that breakdown disaccarides and intestinal lipase

Front 48

secretion of the colon:

what cells in the colonic mucosa secrete mucus?

Back 48

goblet cells

Front 49

secretions of the colon:

the ____ component is rich in K and HCO3

Back 49

aqueous component

Front 50

secretions of the colon:

are stimulated by ___ agents

Back 50

cholinergic agents

Front 51

___- basic functional unit of liver constructed around central vein that empties into the hepatic vein then vena cava

Back 51

lobule

Front 52

liver:

how much blood a minute is pumped through the hepatic artery in the liver

Back 52

300mL

Front 53

liver:

2 cells drain bile here and then transport it to bile ducts. where is this taking place?

Back 53

canaliculus

Front 54

Liver:

____- blood flows here b/t hepatic plates to central vein

Back 54

sinusoid

Front 55

liver:

the cellular plate consists of __(#) cells

Back 55

2