Week 2 A&p Lecture Notes

Front 1

What is simple squamous epithelia?

Back 1

type of epithelia are delicate and thin and are often found lining surfaces involved in passage of gas or liquid?

Front 2

Where will you see simple squamous epithelia?

Back 2

in the inner lining of the lungs, filtration membranes of kidneys and lining blood vessels.

Front 3

What type of simple squamous epithelia are called Mesothelium?

Back 3

Pleural, pericardial, peritoneal cells

Front 4

What type of simple squamous epithelia are called Endothelium?

Back 4

lines blood and lymphatic vessels

Front 5

What type of simple squamous epithelia are called Mesenchymal?

Back 5

lines the brain, eye and discreet

Front 6

What are all blood vessels lined with?

Back 6

a layer of slender simple squamous epithelium cells called endothelium

Front 7

What will Histamine do?

Back 7

cause the vessels to dilate resulting in movement of the endothelial cells sliding apart and allowing WBC and protein rich plasma to escape into the tissue

Front 8

What is Endothelium?

Back 8

the simple squamous cells forming the inner lining of the heart, blood vessels, and lymph vessels

Front 9

What is Mesothelium?

Back 9

the simple squamous lining that the body cavities such as mucosa and serosa

Front 10

What is Mesenchymal epithelium?

Back 10

found in discreet areas like lining of the brain and eye

Front 11

What is Feline panleukopenia and Canine Parvoviral Enteritis caused by?

Back 11

parvo "cousins" that attack endothelium.

Front 12

Why is mortality high in the young and disabled?

Back 12

because epithelial tissues have trouble renewing themselves

Front 13

Why do animals develop diarrhea, vomit and can become severely dehydrated in a short time?

Back 13

Because Squamous epithelial cells die and slough in sheets

Front 14

What are Simple Cuboidal Epithelium composed of?

Back 14

a single layer of square cells with a dark staining nuclei

Front 15

When do Simple cuboidal Epithelium occur? and what role does it play?

Back 15

where secretion and absorption occur; in endocrine and exocrine tissue, lining the ducts that carry enzymes and hormones

Front 16

Where are Simple Cuboidal Epithelium found?

Back 16

on the surface of ovaries, ducts or glands as mentioned as well as ducts of the liver, pancreas, kidney and salivary glands

Front 17

What are Simple Columnar Epithelium?

Back 17

elongated and closely packed together, making the epithelia relatively thick and more protective than the simple squamous and cuboidal

Front 18

What do Simple Columnar Epithelium do?

Back 18

they line the length of the gastrointestinal tract from the stomach to the rectum

Front 19

What are Simple Columnar Epithelium associated with?

Back 19

like cuboidal, they are associated with absorption and secretion, and of the two the absorptive type of columnar is the most common with the apical surface blanketed with microvilli

Front 20

What does the Stratified Squamous Epithelium consist of and Where does it occur?

Back 20

various layers; in regions of the body that are subject to mechanical and chemical stresses, such as the mouth, esophagus, vagina, and rectum.

Front 21

What forms the base of the stratified squamous epithelium?

Back 21

Cuboidal cells as they are attached to the basement membrane.

Front 22

What happens as the young cuboidal cells mature?

Back 22

they are progressively pushed to the surface losing their nuclei and cytoplasm, taking on squamous shape for replacement.

Front 23

What does Stratified Cuboidal Epithelia generally occur as?

Back 23

two layers of cuboidal cells and is found primarily along large excretory ducts, such as those of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands.

Front 24

What is Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium?

Back 24

an epithelial layer that is not truly stratified

Front 25

What do the Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium appear to be and why?

Back 25

to be stratified because the nuclei are found at different levels across the length of the tissue layer

Front 26

Where is pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium located?

Back 26

it is ciliated and is found in the respiratory tract and in portions of the male reproductive tract

Front 27

What can transitional epithelium do that others cant? and where is it found?

Back 27

stretch; in regions of the body that are required to expand and contract as part of their normal function and portions of the urinary tract where great changes in volume occur, such as the urinary bladder, ureters and urethra

Front 28

What is a gland?

Back 28

a cell or group of cells that have the ability to manufacture and discharge a secretion

Front 29

What are secretions?

Back 29

specialized protein molecules that are produced in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, packaged into granules by the golgi apparatus, and then discharged from the cell

Front 30

What do multicellular glands form from?

Back 30

an infolding of a layer of epithelial cells. Initially, these invaginations form ducts and tubules that maintain contact with the surface epithelium

Front 31

How are glands classified?

Back 31

1. Presence or absence of ducts- endocrine or exocrine
2.Number of cells that compose them- Unicellular or Multicellular
3. Shape of the secreting ducts- Simple or Compound
4. Complexity of the glandular structure-Tubular, Acinar, or tubuloacinar
5.Type of Secretion they produce- Mucoid or serous
6. Manner in which the secretion is stored and discharge- mercrine (cell intact), apocrine (loses part of cell), Holocrine (entire cell is lost)

Front 32

What are Endocrine glands?

Back 32

Glands that do not have ducts or tubules and whose secretions are distributed throughout the body primarily via blood

Front 33

What do endocrine glands produce?

Back 33

they produce and secret regulatory chemicals known as hormones into the bloodstream or the lymphatic system, where they are carried to many regions of the body

Front 34

What do Exocrine glands possess?

Back 34

With the exception of the goblet cell, they possess ducts

Front 35

What do Exocrine glands act by?

Back 35

by discharging secretions via their ducts directly into local areas, where they may, for example, cover cell surfaces or empty into body cavities; they also do not enter circulation

Front 36

What is an example of the Unicellular exocrine glands? and what do they look like?

Back 36

the goblet cell; it is a modified columnar epithelial cell and is found interspersed among the columnar cells of the respiratory and digestive tracts and in the conjunctive of the eye

Front 37

What do goblets secrete?

Back 37

mucin

Front 38

What is mucin?

Back 38

a thick mixture of glycoproteins that will mix with water to make mucus.

Front 39

What 2 things does mucus do?

Back 39

1. protects apical surface
2. assists with entrapment of foreign particles

Front 40

What 2 things make up multicellular exocrine glands?

Back 40

1. a secretory unit in which secretions are produced by secretory cells and a duct that carries the secretion to the deposition site

Front 41

What is the rate of secretion production and discharge controlled by?

Back 41

hormonal and nervous influences

Front 42

What is considered a simple gland?

Back 42

if the main duct is unbranched

Front 43

What is considered to be a compound gland?

Back 43

If the main duct is branched

Front 44

When is the gland considered to be tubular?

Back 44

if the secretory cells form a long channel of even width

Front 45

When is the gland considered to be Alveolar or Acinar?

Back 45

if the secretory unit forms a round sac

Front 46

When is the gland considered to be Tubuloacinar?

Back 46

these are glands with secretory units that possess both tubular and alveolar qualities

Front 47

What determines Merocrine?

Back 47

secretory cells remain intact during the secretory process

Front 48

What determines Apocrine?

Back 48

the cell repairs the damage done due to secretion and repeats. Found in mammary tissues

Front 49

What determines Holocrine?

Back 49

the entire secretory cell is destroyed in the act

Front 50

What classifies serous secretions?

Back 50

watery and contain a high concentration of enzymes

Front 51

What classifies Mucous secretions?

Back 51

thick, viscous, and composed of glycoproteins

Front 52

What classifies Mixed exocrine glands?

Back 52

contain both mucous and serous components

Front 53

Where can all three (serous, mucous, mixed exocrine glands) be found?

Back 53

the digestive and respiratory tracts

Front 54

What do epithelial membranes consist of?

Back 54

a surface layer of epithelium and an underlying layer of connective tissue

Front 55

What are the 2 kinds of membrane of importance? What are the other 2?

Back 55

Mucous and serous; Cutaneous and Synovial

Front 56

What is Mucous membranes referred to as?

Back 56

Mucosae

Front 57

What does mucosae do?

Back 57

line the hollow organs and cavities that open on the skin surface of the body.

Front 58

What organs do mucosae mainly line?

Back 58

digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive

Front 59

What is the surface epithelium always kept wiht?

Back 59

kept moist by mucus

Front 60

What is the lamina propria (submucosa)?

Back 60

the connective tissue underlying the epithelium

Front 61

What is the serous membrane referred to as?

Back 61

serosae

Front 62

What does serosae do?

Back 62

line the body cavities and cover the surfaces of related organs

Front 63

What is the surface epithelium?

Back 63

mesothelium over a thin layer of loose connective tissue.

Front 64

What does the mesothelium provide?

Back 64

fluid that serves to moisten and lubricate.

Front 65

Name 6 Epithelial pathologies?

Back 65

1. papule
2.pustule
3. vesicle
4. Wheal
5. nodule
6. tumor

Front 66

What is a papule?

Back 66

a solid elvation of up to 1 cm in Diam. Larger lesions are called plaques. Pathogenesis: influx of inflammatory cells into the dermis and may be an early neoplastic lesion

Front 67

What is a pustule?

Back 67

A small circumscribed area within the epidermis filled with pus. Most pustules are filled with nuetrophils and eosinophiles

Front 68

What is a Vesicle?

Back 68

A small circumscribed area within or below the epidermis filled with clear fluid. Larger vesicles are called bullae

Front 69

What is a Wheal?

Back 69

A sharply circumscribed, raised, edematous lesion that appears and disappears within minutes to hours

Front 70

What is a Nodule?

Back 70

A circumscribed, solid elevation more than 1 cm in diameter that extends into deeper layers of the skin. Massive infiltration of inflammatory of neoplastic cells

Front 71

What is a tumor?

Back 71

A large mass involving skin or subcutaneous tissue. Inflammatory or neoplastic cells. Biopsy should be done to differentiate from a nodule

Front 72

Name 7 secondary lesions.

Back 72

1. Scales 2. hyperpigmentation 3. comedones 4. epidermal collarette 5. erosion 6. ulcer 7. lichenification

Front 73

What are scales?

Back 73

An accumulation of loose fragments of the horny layer of the skin. Increased production of keratinocytes or retention of corneocytes

Front 74

What is hyperpigmentation?

Back 74

Increased epidermal and /or dermal melanin

Front 75

What are Comedones?

Back 75

A dilated hair follicle filled with corneocytes and sebaceous material

Front 76

What is Epidermal Collarette?

Back 76

Scale of loose keratin flakes or "peeling" keratin arranged in a circle

Front 77

What is erosion?

Back 77

a shallow epidermal defect that does not penetrate the basal membrane

Front 78

What is an ulcer?

Back 78

Focal loss of epidermis with exposure of underlying dermis

Front 79

What is an Lichenification?

Back 79

Thickening and hardening of skin characterized by exaggerated superficial skin markings