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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cholestyramine |
Can only be used in hypercholesterolemia b/c the decr. in LDL causes liver to incr. production of VLDL --> hyperlipidemia |
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Asthma findings on histology |
Charcot-layden crystals (derived from eosinophils) and curschman spirals |
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Treatment for Cor Pulmonale
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O2 supplementation
Diuretics: be careful that patient doesn't get metabolic alkalosis and/or arrhythmias due to hypokalemia (acidosis = < 7.35; alkalosis = > 7.45) Dobutamine: Improve RV contractility in severe decompensated cor pulmonale |
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Cor Pulmonale ECHO findings |
RVH RV dilatation with abnormal flattening of interventricular septum Tricuspid Regurge |
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Where can you see atrial enlargement most often on EKG? |
Incr. amplitude of P-wave in lead II |
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What are the 3 most important carcinogens in smoking cigarettes? |
Polycyclic hydrocarbons, acrlein, and nitrosamines |
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Why should women older than 35 who smoke not take birth control |
B/c risk of embolism is sharply increased in women who smoke + take birth control |
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Vasculitis |
Nonspecific symptoms of inflammation: fever, fatigue, weight loss, myalgia, etc Symptoms of organ ishcemia due to luminal narrowing and thrombosis of inflamed vessels |
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Wegener's Granulomatosis |
Involves Nasopharynx (sinusitis), Lungs (hemoptysis) , and Kidneys (Hematuria) Serum c-ANCA |
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Microscopic Polyangitis |
Necrotizing vasculitis of lung + kidney (like Wegener's excepts no granulomas and no nasopharyngeal involvement)
Serum p-ANCA positive
Treatment: Corticosteroids + cyclophosphamide |
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Churg Strauss Syndrome |
"Churg Streosinophils" W/ eosinophils; affects lungs and heart (Asthma + peripheral eosinophilia usually present)
Serum p-ANCA positive |
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Henoch Schonlein Purpura |
"HS Purpura"- IgA Due to IgA immune complex deposition
Usually in childhood vasculitis
Usually occurs following an upper respiratory infection
Classic triad: Palpable purpura on buttocks and legs, GI pain/bleeding, Arthralgias (joint pain) |
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Polyarteritis Nodosa |
Presents with Hypertension, Abd pain with melena, neurologic disturbances, skin lesions (no lung involvement)
Usually involves renal and visceral vessels, not pulmonary arteries
Associated with serum Hep B surface antigen
Treatment: corticosteroids + cyclophosphamide |
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Kawasaki Disease |
Asian children < 4 years old Fever, conjuctivitis (pink eye), strawberry tongue, erythematous rash of palms and sole Coronary artery involvement
Can get coronary aneurysms, thrombosis --> MI, rupture
Treatment: IV immunoglobulin + aspirin |
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Buerger Disease |
Associated with heavy smoking; treatment is smoking cessation
Can lead to gangrene or autoamputation of finger/toes Involves digits
Usually have raynaud phenom |
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Temporal Arteritis |
MC form of vasculitis in adults > 50 years old
Vasculitis of carotid artery
Presents as unilateral HA (temporal artery), visual disturbance, jaw pain while chewing
Can lead to irreversible blindness due to opthalmic artery occlusion.
Associated with polymyalgia rheumatica (pain/stiffness in shoulder and hips) |
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Takayasau Arteritis |
Thickening/narrowing of aortic arch and proximal great vessels
Seen in young asians < 40 years old
Weak pulse in upper extremity "Pulseless disease" |
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Type II pneumocytes make surfactant at ____ weeks Mature levels reached at ____ weeks Surfactant is made of _______; the most important is ________ Surfactant is increased by ______ and decreased by _______ |
26 weeks 35 weeks lethicins dipalmitolyphosphatydylcholine steroids (incr. by) insulin (decr. by) |
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Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome Causes: Check this for premature birth: Symptoms: |
Decr. surfactant --> hyalin membrane + atelectasis Premature birth C-section Maternal diabetes Check lecithin-to-sphingomyelin ratio- greater than 2 is good Symptoms: (symptoms associated with atelectasis) increased respiratory effort, tachypnea, grunting, cyanosis; hypoxemia incr. risk of PDA + necrotizing enterocolitis (due to decreased O2 going to the gut |
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Hyalin Membrane |
Made of fibrin + necrotic cells Thickens diffusion barrier --> decreasing gas exchange |
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Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Causes: Patho: What do they both cause: |
Damage to alveolar-capillary interface Causes: Sepsis, Aspiration, pancreatitis, DIC Activation of neutrophils --> induce protease and free-radical damage of type 1 and II pneumocytes BOTH ARDS and NRDS result in diffuse pulmonary edema; differentiated from cardiac cause by PCWP (> 18 = cardiogenic) |
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Sleep Apnea (causing nocturnal hypoxia) Symptoms: Cause: |
Daytime sleepiness, fatigue, hypertension, arrhythmias Cause: most often obstructive |
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Dilated Cardiomyopathy Causes: Symptoms: Treatment: Na+ restriction, ACE inhibitors, Beta blockers, diuretics, digoxin, ICD, heart transplant |
Causes: ABCCCD Alcohol Beriberi (wet) Coxsackie B virus myocarditis Cocaine (chronic use) Chagas disease Doxorubicin toxicity Also hemochromatosis or peripartum (around pregnancy) cardiomyopathy
Causes: 1/2 genetic (TTN gene - encodes titin), myocarditis (coxsackie B virus), alcohol, pregnancy, hemachromatosis (iron overload --> incr. free radicals) Symptoms: (CHF symptoms) dyspnea, easily fatigued Death comes from arrhythmia |
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Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy |
100% genetic disorder (myosin heavy chain) Primarily diastolic dysfunction- reduced stroke volume and dyspnea |
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Restrictive Cardiomyopathy |
Endomyocardial fibrosis Loeffler endomyocarditis: peripheral eosinophils + eosinophils in heart; fibrosis is from MBP released from eosinophils Endocardial fibroelastosis: first 2 years of life |
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Lithium |
LMNOP Lithium TreMors Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus (anti-ADH) Hypothyroidism Pregnancy Problems
MOA: inhibits phosphoinositol second messenger cascade- interfere with serotonin, NE, and dopamine reuptake Used: mood stabalizerfor bipolar disorder Side Effects: hand tremor, hypothyroidism, diabetes insipidus (decr. ADH) (hypernatremia, polyuria, polydipsia) Teratogen: Ebstein anomaly in fetuses |
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Loratadine |
2nd generation histamine receptor blocker Causes bronchodilation, decreased pruritis, decreased SVR Use: allergic rhinitis Doesn't cross the BBB --> causes less sedation |
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Furosemide |
"OH DANG" Ototoxicity Hypokalemia
Dehydration Allergy (sulfa) Nephritis (interstitial) Gout
Loop diuretic --> inhibits Na+/K+/2Cl transport --> loss of NaCl + K Use: HTN, hypercalcemia, volume overload associated with heart failure, liver failure, or renal failure Side Effects: hypokalemia, ototoxicity, hyperuricemia --> gout
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Combivent |
Combination of Ipratropium + Albuterol Used to treat COPD Ipratropium: Muscarinic antagonist --> bronchodilation Albuterol: short acting B2 agonist --> bronchodilation; can also lead to shifts of K+ into cell (can treat hyperkalemia at high doses |
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Synthetic PGI2 |
MOA: inhibits platelet aggregation (by binding to platelet surfaces and increasing cAMP levels) + produces vasodilation (by binding to endothelial cells increasing cAMP levels --> smooth muscle relaxation) Use: Pulmonary arterial HTN |
