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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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spina bifida:
-definiton? |
-failure of posterior neuropore to close resulting in vertebrae overlying the spinal cord not fully formed
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five types spina bifida?
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-spina bifida occulta
-meningocele -meningomyelocele -rachischisis X2 |
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asymptomatic SB?
-paraplegia SB? |
-SB occulta
-rachischisis |
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alpha protein levels?
-SB? -anencephaly? -CB? |
-high in SB
-high in anencephaly -high in CB |
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anencephaly
-definition? |
-absences of brain, skull, scalp
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cranium bifida
-definition? |
-neural tube defect
-ossification defects of occipital bone -sac like protrusions of brain, meninges, ventricles |
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-forms of CB?
-least severe form? |
-meningocele, encephalocele, hydroencephalocele
-meningocele |
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-what makes CSF?
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-specialized ependymal cells via choroid plexus
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-what absorbs CSF?
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-venous sinus blood via arachnoid granulations
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hydrocephalus
-definition? -causes? |
-excessive/abnormal accumulation of CSF in ventricles of brain'
-impaired CSF flow, reabsorption, excessive CSF prodcution |
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hydrocephalus
-types? |
-non-communicating (obstructive)
-communicating |
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non-communicating hydrocephalus
-definition? |
-flow obstructed preventing CSF from flowing into subarachnoid space (most common)
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communicating hydrocephalus
-definition? |
-impaired CSF resorption/excessive CSF prodcution
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hydrocephalus
-clinical signs? -child/adult |
-inc. intracranial pressure
-child: head enlargement -adult: headahce, N/V, alter LOC, back pain |
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Adult derivatives of:
-forebrain? -midbrain? -hindbrain? |
-telencephalon, diencephalon
-mesencephalon -myelencephalon, metencephalon |
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Telencephalon contains?
-cortices, nerves? |
-cerebral hemispheres, olfactory cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia/corpus striatum, lateral and 3rd ventricles
-Olfactory (I) nerve |
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Diencephalon contains?
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-optic cup/nerves, thalamus, hypothalamus, mammilary bodies, part of 3rd ventricle
-Optic (II) nerve |
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Mesencephalon contains?
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-tectum (superior, inferior colliculi), cerebral aqueduct, red nucleus, substantia nigra, crus cerebelli
-oculomotor (III) nerve, trochlear (IV) nerve |
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Metencephalon/myelencephalon contains?
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-pons, cerebellum/ medulla oblongata
-trigeminal (V), abducens (VI), facial (VII), acoustic (VIII), glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), hypoglossal (XI) |
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Porencephaly
-definition? -onset? -clinical presentation |
-involve cyst or cavity in cerebral hemisphere (rare)
-before/after birth -neurological deficit |
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Hydranencephaly
-definition? -cause? |
-cerebral hemispheres absent/replaced by sacs filled with CSF
-vascular insult, injuries, infections, disorders |
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Hydranencephaly
-clinical presentation? -prognosis? |
-irritable, hypertonia, seizures, hydrocephalus
-poor (rare) |
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Schizencephaly
-definition? -causes? |
-abnormal slits/clefts in cerebral hemispheres
-early neuronal damage |
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difference in schizencephaly and porencephaly
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-por. cyst lined in white matter
-schiz. cyst lined in heterotopic grey matter |
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schizencephaly clinical presentations
-bilateral clefts? -unilateral clefts? |
-development delay, speech language skills, corticospinal dysfunction
-weak on one side, average intelligence |
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holoprosencephaly
-definition? -causes? |
-prosencephalon (forebrain) fails to develop into 2 hemispheres
-trisomy 13 (Patau), FAS |
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Holoprosencephaly
-types? |
-alobar: serious, brain fails to separate
-semilobar: intm., brain's hemis have slight tendency to separate -lobar: mild, evidence of separate brain hemis, can be normal |
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holoprosencephaly
-clinical presentation? |
-mild facial deformities to cyclopia, in area of nose
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microcephaly
-definition? -causes? |
-small head, face grows at normal rate
-FAS, DM, rubella |
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microcephaly
-clinicla sx? |
-seizures, motor function delays, hyperactivity, clumsiness
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Arnold Chiari malformation
-definition? |
-herniation of caudal cerebellum vermis and cerebellar tonsil through foramen magnum
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Arnold Chiari malformation
-causes? -treatment? |
-lumbar myelomeningocele, dysgenesis of corpus callosum, obstructive hydrocephalus
-decompression surgery |
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ACM
-types? |
-1: asymptomatic child, adult w/ headaches; herniation of cerebellar tonsils
-2: meningomyelocele w/paralysis below defect, abnormal dev. of cerebellar vermis/medulla oblongata |
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ACM
-clinical sx? |
-type 1: headaches, muscle weakness, facial pain, hearing loss, fatigue
-type 2: motor neurologic abnormalities, hydrocephalus |
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Dandy Walker Syndrome (DWS)
-definition? |
-congenital atresia of foramina of Luschka and Magendie, agenesis cerebellar vermis, posterior fossa cyst, hydrocephalus, dilation of 4th ventricle, agenesis of corpus callosum
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DWS
-clinical sx? |
-young: slow motor devel., enlargement of skull
-older kids: inc. intracranial pressure, irritability, vomit, convulsions, lack of muscle coordination |
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Tethered spinal cord
-definiton? |
-tissue attatchments limit mvmt of spinal cord, abnormal stretch of spinal cord
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tethered spinal cord
-clinical sx? |
-child: hairy patch on back, dimples, fatty tumors, foot/spinal deformities, weak legs, scoliosis, incontinence
-adult: pain (legs, groin, perineum), bilat muscle weak, bladder/bowel incont., UMN/LMN |
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types of glial cells?
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-astrocyte
-oligodendrocytes -ependymal cells -microglia cells |
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types of tumors of CNS? adults?
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-glial tumors
-neuronal tumors -meningeal tumors |
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types of glial tumors?
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-astrocytoma
-oligodendroglioma -ependymoma |
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astrocytoma
-definition? -clinical sx? -path? -incidence? |
-malignant tumor of CNS originates in astrocytes
-HA, seizure, inc ICP -circumscribed or infiltration lesion -most common glioma |
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oligodendroglioma
-definition? -clinical sx? -incidence? |
-malignant tumor of CNS originate oligodendrocytes
-seizures, HA, neuro deficits, inc ICP -2nd most common glioma |
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oligodendroglioma
-path? -better prognosis? |
-well differentiated: fried egg/honeycomb appearance
-anaplastic: inc cellulaity and cytologic features of malignancy -co-deletinos of chromosomal arms 1pand 19p |
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ependymoma
-definiton? -types? |
-tumor unpredictable malignant potential, arise from ependyma
-myxopapillary ependymoma (most common); subependymoma |
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ependymoma
-clinical sx? -path? |
-inc ICP, HA, vomit, seizures, neuro deficits
-pseudorosettes, ependymal rosettes |
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meningiomas
-definition? -clinical sx? |
-benign tumor, slow growing, attatched to dura mater, composed of neoplastic meningothelial cells
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meningiomas
-incidence? -path? |
-most common benign tumor of CNS
-swirl like appearance, fibrous, calcifications |
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metastatic brain tumors
-most obvious sign? -effects on brain |
-multiple tumors, most other tumors are single
-destroy brain cells directly or indirectly via inflammation, swelling, inc ICP |
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peripheral nerve tumors
-types? |
-schwannomas
-neurofibromas -malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor |
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schwannoma
-definition? -incidence? -clinical sx? -path? |
-benign nerve sheath tumor composed of schwann cells
-common in head/neck -asymptomatic mass -spindle shaped cells, alt areas of compact/less cellular |
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neurofibroma
-definition? -incidence? |
-well-demarcated tumor, schwann cells, perineural like cells, and fibroblasts in fibrous or myxoid background
-more common: cutaneous nodules; less common: intraneural mass in per. nerve |
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neurofibroma
-clinical sx? -path? |
-sporadic lesion, cafe au lait spots, freckling axillae, lisch nodules
-schwann cells, perineurial like cells, fibroblasts in collagenous/myxoid background |
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malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST)
-definition? -difference in schwannomas? |
-sarcoma originate from per. nerve from cells assoc. with nerve sheath
-malignant form of schwannomas |
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malignant peripheral nerve sheat tumor
-clinical sx? -path? |
-enlarging mass/pain
-dense spindle cell fascicles |
