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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define the 3 general steps to processing data for memory (encoding, storage, and retrieval) |
Encoding - perception, thoughts, and feelings are transformed into memory Storage - maintaining info in memory over time Retrieval - info that was previously encoded and stored is brought to mind |
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Explain how memory is encoded |
The more you process information, the more "deeply" you encode it and the easier it is to retrieve later
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Explain the effects of different levels of processing |
Strength of memory trace depends on how extensively the information is processed at encoding Structural = least effective Semantic = connects to meaning and is most effective |
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Explain how elaboration promotes encoding |
Elaboration - the degree to which information is specified, described, and/or related to other information in memory
Therefore the more you related new memories to other known knowledge then the more you will remember it later |
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Describe some ways in which long-term memory can be improved through chunking mnemonics |
Mnemonics is using memory tricks (such as acronyms or rhymes) in order to remember things easier and for longer periods of time |
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Explain the different ways in which memories are stored |
Memory is either stored in short-term or long-term Short-Term holds info long enough to accomplish the intended purpose for the info Long-Term stores info on a permanent or near-permanent basis |
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Explain the differences between sensory memory, short-term (or working) memory, and long-term memory |
Sensory Memory - representation of physical features of a stimulus are stored for brief periods Short-Term Storage - holds info long enough to accomplish intended purpose for the info Long-Term Storage - holds info on a permanent or near-permanent basis |
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Describe the cause of the serial position effect in working memory (primacy, recency, and interference) |
Apparent dip in the middle of the serial position curve is due to interference Effect that previous/subsequent material can have on our memory for existing material |
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Explain the distinction between explicit and implicit memory |
Explicit - those you can talk about in words (facts, experiences) Implicit - cannot be put into words (how to skate/tie shoes) |
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Describe 2 types of implicit memory: procedural and priming |
Procedural Memory - long-term memory that involves execution of well-learned skills Priming - experience influences response to/or perception of a stimulus |
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Describe 2 types of explicit memory: semantic and episodic |
Semantic - long-term memory that contains data, facts, and other info Episodic Memory - long-term memory that serves as a record of our life's experiences |
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Describe the role of the hippocampus in memory |
Essential for transferring memories from short-term to long-term memory, not required for storage or retrieval of long-term memories |
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Explain how memories are retrieved |
Memories are either recalled (remembering through memory cues) or retrieved through recognition (identification from presented info)
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Explain the distinction between recall and recognition |
Recall - memory operation without the use of hints or cues, remembering Recognition - identification of presented info/stimuli, objects, or people as have been previously perceived or known |
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Explain the encoding specificity principle and context-dependent memory |
Effective retrieval cues are closely linked to how info was initially encoded |
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Explain how we know that memory is reconstructive (provide a few examples) |
Memories are compositions of stories that can be added to or taken away from depending on the information we remember and information we are told or discover |
