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65 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
The Receiver (input) into the neuron
- Dendrites
- Soma
The Integrator of the neuron
- Dendrites, soma
- Axon Hillock (initial segment)
The conductor of the neuron
- Axon
- Myelinated or unmyelinated
The output of the neuron
- Terminal (synaptic) boutons
- Neurotransmitter substance(s)
Radial glia are a subtype of which glial cell?
Astrocyte.

Forms scaffolding for developing neurons.
Two subtypes of astrocytes. Depends on their location.
Protoplasmic (gray matter)

Fibrous (white matter)
- 2 hemispheres with lateral ventricle in each

- Cerebral cortex with sulci and gyri

- Subcortical nuclei (Basal Ganglia)
Telencephalon (endbrain)
- Caudate nucleus
- Putamen
- Globus pallidus
Basal ganglia -> Telencephalon
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
- 3rd ventricle
Diencephalon

With the Telencephalon, called the forebrain
- Cerebral aqueduct
- Tectum mesencephali
- Cerebral peduncles
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Mantle or covering layer of cells.

Considered gray matter.
Cortex
- Medulla oblongota
Myelencephalon.
Brain stem:
1. Medulla oblongotta
2. Mesencephalon
3. Pons
Defect in rostal end of neural tube
Ancephaly

Marked by polyhydramnios (affects mechanism for swallowing)
Defect in caudal end of neural tube
Spina bifida

High alpha feto protein
Normal levels of amniotic fluid
Primary motor cortex.

What is the number?

What gyrus is it?
B 4.

Precentral gyrus
- Oribital
- Triangular
- Opercular

What gyrus has these parts?
Inferior frontal gyrus

The gyrus rectus is part of the orbital gyri
The supramarginal gyrus.

Brodman's number.

Comprehension of?
40.

Comprehension of spoken language
The angular gyrus

Brodman's number

Comprehension of?
39.

Comprehension of written language.
Post central gyrus

Brodman's number

Functions
3,1,2

Primary somatosensory cortex: pain, temperature, and proprioception.
Primary visual cortex

Brodman's number

Location?
17.

Located on the banks and within the depts of the calcarine sulcus.
Primary auditory cortex

Brodman's number?

Location?
41 and 42

Located on the superior surface of the superior temporal gyrus.

Deep to the lateral sulcus as the transverse gyrus of Heschl
This structure is in the temporal lobe, though it is part of the limbic system.
The parahippocampal gyrus
- Olfactory
- Addictive cravings
- Awarness of levels of physical exertion
- Higher cognitive associations of painful experiences
- Language and cardiovascular control related to the limbic system.
Possible activities of the limbic system
Fiber bundles that allow the corpus callosum its interhemispheric communication are generally termed ___________
commissures.
What does the lamina terminalis represent embryologically?
The upper end of the neural tube below the anterior commissure
This part of the corpus callosum interconnects the rest of the frontal lobes as well as the parietal lobes
The body.
The _______ interconnects the temporal and occipital lobes
Splenium
The _________ is the principal somatosensory relay center
thalamus

Also receives input regarding motor activity.
The anterior wall of the persistent lamina terminalis gives rise to the ______thalamus
hypothalamus
The following are components of what midbrain structure?

- Superior (right and left) colliculi
- Right and left inferior colliculi
Tectum aka quadrageminal plate.
This portion of the tectum is the visual relay center
superior colliculi
This portion of the tectum is the auditory relay center
inferior colliculi
The fourth cranial nerve emerges on the dorsal surface of the midbrain.

Does it exit superior or inferior to the inferior colliculi?
Inferior
Is there direct cerebellar output back to the spinal cord?
No.

The cerebellum receives direct proprioception input from the spinal cord, but it does not direct motor output
Descending somatomotor and ascending somatosensory fibers travel through the _______ to and from the spinal cord
pons.

Descending somatomotor axon fibers are located in the ventral pons.
The medullary pyramids contain the continuation of the .......(need to know!)
descending somatomotor fibers that have passed through the midbrain and pons.
Cranial nerve X exits from the _____olivary sulcus
post
Cranial nerve XII exits from the ______olivary sulcus
pre
What is the reason that one side of the brain controls somatomotor activity of the opposite side of the body?
The pyramidal decussation (85-90% crossing of descending corticospinal fibers)

Located on the ventral surface between the medulla and spinal cord.
What is the function?

The anterior region of the dominant hemisphere
Cognitive function

Dominant side only: Cannot cognitize on the nondominant side.
What is the function?

The lateral region of the dominant hemsphere
Speech expression.

Dominant side only.
What is the function?

The posterior region of a hemisphere
Primary motor cortex. Motor function on the opposite side
What is the function?

The medial region of a hemisphere
Emotional function/social restraint.

Heavily influenced by alcohol.

Dominant side only??
Why is it significant that the dominant hemisphere only cognizes and forms speech?
Tumor will not cause marked intellectual change in the nondominant hemisphere.

'silent' tumor
Damage to Broca's area.

Results in inability to express thoughts through speech.

Damage in the frontal operculum.
Expressive aphasia
Trauma usually takes out what functions of the primary motor cortex?
arm and leg function
The _____ cerebral artery is most commonly stroked.

Stroke knocks out facial function
Middle
A stroke in this artery will result in loss of half of vision field.
Posterior cerebral artery

Ask patient to close eye, can still see half field
Determining objects in your hands without looking at them.
stereognosis
Inability to differentiate self from other
Agnosia
Functions of the _____ lobe:

1. Analysis of the sensory experience of the opposite side of the face and body.
2. Parsing of reality into self and other
3. Spatial orientation
4. Disease/damage causes defects in this sensory analysis
Parietal
The flat part of the temporal lobe
Planum temporale
Transverse gyri of Heschle = _______ auditory cortex.
primary
Lateral to the primary auditory complex is ________'s area.

It is involved in language understanding and reception
Wernicke's
Patients who recover from Wernicke's area damage....do they remember what happened?
No.

Called receptive/fluent aphasia.

Damage to temporal lobe affects ability to store memories.
Consolidation of memories occurs in the ____________
hippocampus
Temporal lobe removal + automobile accident = Cleaver Busy syndrome
- Psychically blind
- Eat plastic, mouth on things to decide if its edible.
- Hypersexual
- No memory at all.
What happens if your temporal lobe hits the tip of the sphenoid bone?
Damage to the anterior temporal lobe.

May result in amnesia.

Stop imprinting memories
Damage to the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) can lead to _______
coma.

Unconsciousness does not mean coma (patients respond to pain)
The cerebellar hemispheres control ipsilateral ____ and _____ movement
arm and leg

Disease leads to loss of coordination.

"My leg won't do what I want it to do"
The vermis of the cerebellum controls ______ coordination
truncal

Disease leads to loss of posture, balance and speech
Name the column:

Ascending sensory information from:
- Ipsilateral light touch
- Vibration
- Joint position sense receptors
Dorsal columns
Name the system:

Descending motor impulses to ipsilateral motor nerves and muscles
Lateral motor system
Name the system:

Ascending pain and temperature information from the contralateral half of the body.
Anterolateral system
Complete cerical cord damage = quadriplegia

Complete thoracic cord damage = ______
paraplegia.