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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The Receiver (input) into the neuron
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- Dendrites
- Soma |
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The Integrator of the neuron
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- Dendrites, soma
- Axon Hillock (initial segment) |
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The conductor of the neuron
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- Axon
- Myelinated or unmyelinated |
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The output of the neuron
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- Terminal (synaptic) boutons
- Neurotransmitter substance(s) |
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Radial glia are a subtype of which glial cell?
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Astrocyte.
Forms scaffolding for developing neurons. |
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Two subtypes of astrocytes. Depends on their location.
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Protoplasmic (gray matter)
Fibrous (white matter) |
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- 2 hemispheres with lateral ventricle in each
- Cerebral cortex with sulci and gyri - Subcortical nuclei (Basal Ganglia) |
Telencephalon (endbrain)
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- Caudate nucleus
- Putamen - Globus pallidus |
Basal ganglia -> Telencephalon
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- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus - 3rd ventricle |
Diencephalon
With the Telencephalon, called the forebrain |
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- Cerebral aqueduct
- Tectum mesencephali - Cerebral peduncles |
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
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Mantle or covering layer of cells.
Considered gray matter. |
Cortex
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- Medulla oblongota
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Myelencephalon.
Brain stem: 1. Medulla oblongotta 2. Mesencephalon 3. Pons |
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Defect in rostal end of neural tube
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Ancephaly
Marked by polyhydramnios (affects mechanism for swallowing) |
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Defect in caudal end of neural tube
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Spina bifida
High alpha feto protein Normal levels of amniotic fluid |
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Primary motor cortex.
What is the number? What gyrus is it? |
B 4.
Precentral gyrus |
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- Oribital
- Triangular - Opercular What gyrus has these parts? |
Inferior frontal gyrus
The gyrus rectus is part of the orbital gyri |
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The supramarginal gyrus.
Brodman's number. Comprehension of? |
40.
Comprehension of spoken language |
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The angular gyrus
Brodman's number Comprehension of? |
39.
Comprehension of written language. |
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Post central gyrus
Brodman's number Functions |
3,1,2
Primary somatosensory cortex: pain, temperature, and proprioception. |
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Primary visual cortex
Brodman's number Location? |
17.
Located on the banks and within the depts of the calcarine sulcus. |
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Primary auditory cortex
Brodman's number? Location? |
41 and 42
Located on the superior surface of the superior temporal gyrus. Deep to the lateral sulcus as the transverse gyrus of Heschl |
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This structure is in the temporal lobe, though it is part of the limbic system.
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The parahippocampal gyrus
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- Olfactory
- Addictive cravings - Awarness of levels of physical exertion - Higher cognitive associations of painful experiences - Language and cardiovascular control related to the limbic system. |
Possible activities of the limbic system
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Fiber bundles that allow the corpus callosum its interhemispheric communication are generally termed ___________
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commissures.
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What does the lamina terminalis represent embryologically?
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The upper end of the neural tube below the anterior commissure
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This part of the corpus callosum interconnects the rest of the frontal lobes as well as the parietal lobes
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The body.
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The _______ interconnects the temporal and occipital lobes
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Splenium
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The _________ is the principal somatosensory relay center
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thalamus
Also receives input regarding motor activity. |
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The anterior wall of the persistent lamina terminalis gives rise to the ______thalamus
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hypothalamus
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The following are components of what midbrain structure?
- Superior (right and left) colliculi - Right and left inferior colliculi |
Tectum aka quadrageminal plate.
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This portion of the tectum is the visual relay center
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superior colliculi
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This portion of the tectum is the auditory relay center
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inferior colliculi
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The fourth cranial nerve emerges on the dorsal surface of the midbrain.
Does it exit superior or inferior to the inferior colliculi? |
Inferior
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Is there direct cerebellar output back to the spinal cord?
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No.
The cerebellum receives direct proprioception input from the spinal cord, but it does not direct motor output |
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Descending somatomotor and ascending somatosensory fibers travel through the _______ to and from the spinal cord
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pons.
Descending somatomotor axon fibers are located in the ventral pons. |
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The medullary pyramids contain the continuation of the .......(need to know!)
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descending somatomotor fibers that have passed through the midbrain and pons.
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Cranial nerve X exits from the _____olivary sulcus
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post
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Cranial nerve XII exits from the ______olivary sulcus
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pre
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What is the reason that one side of the brain controls somatomotor activity of the opposite side of the body?
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The pyramidal decussation (85-90% crossing of descending corticospinal fibers)
Located on the ventral surface between the medulla and spinal cord. |
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What is the function?
The anterior region of the dominant hemisphere |
Cognitive function
Dominant side only: Cannot cognitize on the nondominant side. |
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What is the function?
The lateral region of the dominant hemsphere |
Speech expression.
Dominant side only. |
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What is the function?
The posterior region of a hemisphere |
Primary motor cortex. Motor function on the opposite side
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What is the function?
The medial region of a hemisphere |
Emotional function/social restraint.
Heavily influenced by alcohol. Dominant side only?? |
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Why is it significant that the dominant hemisphere only cognizes and forms speech?
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Tumor will not cause marked intellectual change in the nondominant hemisphere.
'silent' tumor |
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Damage to Broca's area.
Results in inability to express thoughts through speech. Damage in the frontal operculum. |
Expressive aphasia
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Trauma usually takes out what functions of the primary motor cortex?
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arm and leg function
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The _____ cerebral artery is most commonly stroked.
Stroke knocks out facial function |
Middle
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A stroke in this artery will result in loss of half of vision field.
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Posterior cerebral artery
Ask patient to close eye, can still see half field |
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Determining objects in your hands without looking at them.
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stereognosis
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Inability to differentiate self from other
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Agnosia
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Functions of the _____ lobe:
1. Analysis of the sensory experience of the opposite side of the face and body. 2. Parsing of reality into self and other 3. Spatial orientation 4. Disease/damage causes defects in this sensory analysis |
Parietal
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The flat part of the temporal lobe
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Planum temporale
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Transverse gyri of Heschle = _______ auditory cortex.
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primary
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Lateral to the primary auditory complex is ________'s area.
It is involved in language understanding and reception |
Wernicke's
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Patients who recover from Wernicke's area damage....do they remember what happened?
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No.
Called receptive/fluent aphasia. Damage to temporal lobe affects ability to store memories. |
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Consolidation of memories occurs in the ____________
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hippocampus
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Temporal lobe removal + automobile accident = Cleaver Busy syndrome
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- Psychically blind
- Eat plastic, mouth on things to decide if its edible. - Hypersexual - No memory at all. |
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What happens if your temporal lobe hits the tip of the sphenoid bone?
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Damage to the anterior temporal lobe.
May result in amnesia. Stop imprinting memories |
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Damage to the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) can lead to _______
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coma.
Unconsciousness does not mean coma (patients respond to pain) |
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The cerebellar hemispheres control ipsilateral ____ and _____ movement
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arm and leg
Disease leads to loss of coordination. "My leg won't do what I want it to do" |
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The vermis of the cerebellum controls ______ coordination
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truncal
Disease leads to loss of posture, balance and speech |
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Name the column:
Ascending sensory information from: - Ipsilateral light touch - Vibration - Joint position sense receptors |
Dorsal columns
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Name the system:
Descending motor impulses to ipsilateral motor nerves and muscles |
Lateral motor system
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Name the system:
Ascending pain and temperature information from the contralateral half of the body. |
Anterolateral system
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Complete cerical cord damage = quadriplegia
Complete thoracic cord damage = ______ |
paraplegia.
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