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32 Cards in this Set

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In regards to ethics, what does it mean to show research merit and integrity?
Make sure the methology is appropriate for childs age. Also researchers need to identify how they will judge childs vulnerability and capacity to give informed consent
In regards to ethics, what does it mean to show justice?
if child is too young to give consent then it is only ethical if the study advances knowledge or inclusion of children is indespensible
In regards to ethics, what does it mean to show beneficence?
Provision for childs wellbeing, safety and security
What is development?
Changes to an individual over time, not really "growth" as such because development isn't always growing, it can be declining as well
What are some characteristics of the dynamic systems approach?
Growth has multiple influences and aspects e.g physical, cognitive and psychosocial development
It is life long, begins at conception, ends at death and has environmental and genetic influences.
What is the social clock?
It is a theory about how society and culture dictate the things we should be doing at a specific stage of development. It has changed through out history.
What are some historical views in regards to development for childhood, adolescence, emerging adulthood and late adulthood?
Childhood - medieval times, child as a miniature adult.
Adolescence - 19th century, compulsary schooling came in the 1800's and there were seperate juvenile courts/prisons in AUSTRALIA in 1889
Emerging adulthood -21st century phenomenon, sem independance, increasing tertiary education, very western middle class phenomenon usuall ages 18-25/29 years

Late adult hood - Anciety Greece was 50 for women, 55 for males, currently 65 years. Icreasing retiremenet age due to increasing life expectancy.

Why is development multie- direcitonal?
It involves growth, maintenance +regulation and decline.
In regards to conception - adolesence and adulthood, describe the developmental focus for the two.
conception to adolesence = a growth foctus
adulthood - maintanence and regultion focus
In what 5 ways in development multiply influenced?
Biologicaly, historicaly, culturally, societally, and familialy
Does plasticity increase or decline with age?
Decline
What is plasticity in regards to lifespan development?
The ability to adapt to adversity
What are 3 multidimensional influences on development and describe their interaction
physical/biological, cognitive and socio-emotional. There are all intrisically interwoven to influence development
What are 3 contextual influences of life span development and describe them
Normative age-grades influences, normative history grades influences and non-normative life events.
Normative age graded influences are influences that are similar for individuals of the same age.
Normative hsitory grades influences are those that are similar for a particular historical cohort
Non - normative life events are individual and unpredictable events that occur.
What is more powerful than age grades influences on adult development?
Non-normative life events.
What does Bronfenners Ecological SYstems Theory focus on?
Complex systems of environments surrounding an individual
What did later conceptualisations of Bronfenners Ecological Systems Thoery emphasive? What was this called?
Biological factors as well. Bio-ecological model
What is a chronosystem?
Figure that recognises the ever changing nature of environmental systems
What is naturalistic observation?
A systematic observational method that focuses on observing individuals in their natural environment
What are some advantages and disadvantages of naturalistic observation?
Ad - it is real life and has ecological validitry but some variables are unobservable, need to guard against experimenter and subject biases.
What is structured observation?
Observation under laboratory conditions where all individuals experience the same conditions
What are two self report methods?
Clinical interviews and structured interviews
What are advantages and disadvantes for clinical interviews?
Ad - flexible, individualised and useful for unobservable phenomenon
Neg potential for self report biases, forgetfull ness and flexible questioning may produce differences between participants
What are structured interviews? What are some advantages and limitations of these?
They include questionnaires and standardises tests. Some advantages are that they are fast, efficient, standardised and some disadvantages are that they are subject to viases, cognitive demands and forgetfullness
What are ethnographic methods?
They use descriptive, qualitative methods to understand a cultural or distinct social group.
What are two designs used to study development?
Longitudinal designs and cross sectional designs
What are some advantages and disadvantages of longitudinal designs?
Advantage - They are truly developmental
Disadvantage - they are time consuming, expensive, prone to attrition of both researchers and participants, have practice effects and historical changes mean that results may only apply to that cohort.
What are some advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional designs?
They are quick, cheap and attrition and practice effects are not a problem because it is a one off event. HOwever, they are not truly developmental and cohort effects mimic age effects.
What is an advantage and disadvantage of a sequential design?
It differetiates age effects from cohort effects however they are expensive and time consuming.
In regards to ethics, what are 3 particular concerns for young people
That they have the capacity to understand and give informed consent, that they are vulnerable to coercion and the conflicting valules and interests of parents and children
What 4 things must a study show to be ethical?
Research merit and integrity, justice beneficence, and respect
In regards to ethics, what does it mean to show respect?
Research is explained in age appropriate terms and gained childs consent if they are mature enough or through parent/guardian.