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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does disease and death often result from?
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absence of normal body structure and functioning
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Why is our knowledge of A&P critical?
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because of our ability to influence the animals health and survival in cases of disease or injury
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What does Anatomy deal with?
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the form and structure of the body and its parts; what things are and where they are located.
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What does physiology deal with?
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the functions of the body and its parts, how things work and what they do.
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What is another name for Microscopic anatomy and what does it deal with?
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Histology; and it deals with the structures so small we need a microscope to see them clearly
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What is another name for Macroscopic anatomy and what does it deal with?
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Gross; and it deals with body parts large enough to be seen with the unaided eye, such as organs & bones
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Examples of Regional anatomy?
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Legs, thorax
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Examples of Systematic anatomy?
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Cirulatory
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What are planes?
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Imaginary slices through the animal body that can be used as points or areas of reference. Basic anatomical terminology is based on these.
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Name the four anatomical planes of reference.
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1. Median plane
2. Sagittal plane 3. Transverse plane 4. Dorsal plane |
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What is the Median plane?
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a plane that runs down the center of the body lengthwise and divides it into equal left and right halves
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What is the Sagittal plane?
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a plane that runs the length of the body and divides it into left and right parts that are not equal haves
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What is the Transverse plane?
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a plane across the body that divides it into cranial and caudal parts that are not necessarily equal
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What is the Dorsal plane?
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a plane at right angles to the sagittal plane divides body into dorsal and ventral parts
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What is Cranial?
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toward the head
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What is caudal?
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toward the tail (cauda)
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What is Rostral?
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special term meaning head
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What is Dorsal?
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means toward the vertebral column
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What is Ventral?
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means toward the belly or bottom
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What is Medial?
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toward the median plane
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What is Lateral?
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away from the median plane
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What is Deep?
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toward the center of the body
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What is superficial?
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toward the surface of the body
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What is proximal?
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toward the body
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What is Distal?
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away from the body
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What is Bilateral Symmetry?
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means that the left and right halves of an animal's body are essentially mirror images of each other
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Name 3 paired structures?
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Kidneys, lungs and legs are mirror images
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Name 3 single structures? Where are they found?
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Brain, heart and GI Tract; found near the median plane.
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What is a single structure not found on the median plane?
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Spleen
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What are single structures used for?
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used in radiology to determine right and left sides of the patient
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Name the two main body cavities?
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Dorsal and Ventral
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What does the dorsal body cavity contain? and what are they?
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The brain/cranium and Spinal Cord; The cranium is a spherical cavity in skull. The Spinal Cord is a long spinal cavity
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What does the Ventral Body Cavity contain?
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most of the viscera. It is larger than the dorsal cavity. The Thoracic Cavity; The Caudal Abdominal Cavity
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What does the Thoracic cavity include?
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heart, lungs, esophagus, and many blood vessels
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What is the Pleura?
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it covers all organs in the thorax. With the Visceral-covers the organs; the parietal it lines the entire cavity
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What does the Abdominal Cavity include?
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digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs
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What is the Peritoneum?
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covers all organs of abdomen; Visceral-covers the organs and the parietal lines the abdominal cavity
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Name 5 life functions.
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1. Growth
2. respond to positive and negative stimuli 3. seek out and absorb food 4. eliminate wastes 5. desire and seek out reproduction |
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Why must some cells specialize in some functions and eliminate others?
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Because of the sheer size of the animal and the cells being removed from the outside environment
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Name 3 examples of cells that specialize in some functions and eliminate others?
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1. Some cells specialize in absorbing nutrients (intestinal cells)
2. In carrying oxygen (red blood cells) 3. Others in organizing and controlling body functions (nerve cells) |
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Name the 4 tissues that have been discussed.
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1. Epithelial
2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Nervous |
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Name 3 functions of the Epithelial tissue. Name 3 places the epithelial tissue covers.
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1. cover the surface of the body
2. line body cavities 3. form glands 1. lines the mouth 2. lines the intestines 3. lines the urinary bladder |
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In general, what are epithelial tissues classified as?
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either simple OR stratified
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What type of epithelium has more to do with our work than any other?
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Simple Squamous Epithelium
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Name the 7 types of Epithelium.
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1. Simple Squamous
2. Cuboidal 3. Columnar 4. Pseudostratified Columnar 5. Stratified Squamous 6. Statified Columnar 7. Transitional |
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What is the essential cell of nervous tissue?
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the neuron or nerve cell
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What does the neuron consist of?
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a nerve cell body and two or more nerve processes (nerve fibers)
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What are the processes called if they conduct impulses away from the cell body and dendrites if they conduct impulses toward the cell body?
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Axons
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Name 3 avenues of communication in the body.
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1. Nervous
2. Circulation (arteries and vein) 3. Lymphatics |
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What does the Connective tissue do?
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Connects other tissues and gives form and strength to many organs and often provide protection and leverage.
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What does connective tissue range from?
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the very soft like adipose (fat) to the very hard like bone.
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What does connective tissue make up?
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the major weight contribution of the animals
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Name 10 examples of Connective Tissue.
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1. Elastic 2. Collagenous (white tissue) 3. Dense Regular 4. Dense irregular 5. Areolar (loose) 6. Reticular
7. Adipose 8. Cartilage 9. Bone 10. Blood |
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What is the key word describing muscle tissue?
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Contraction
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What are the three muscle tissue types?
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1. Skeletal 2. Cardiac 3. Smooth
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What do the skeletal and cardiac muscle type consist of and what are they classified as?
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Both consist of fibers that under the microscope show characteristic cross striations, so both are classified as striated muscle
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Name the stages of Body organization in order.
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1. Cells
2. tissues 3. organs 4. systems |
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What are kidneys?
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organs composed of various tissues that function together to eliminate metabolized waste from the body.
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What are livers?
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organs composed of cells specializing in the elimination of metabolized and non-metabolized toxic waste and drugs
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What is the most complex level of body organization?
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Systems
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What are systems?
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groups of organs that are involved in a common set of activities
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Components of skeletal system?
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bone and joints
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Components of Integumentary system?
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Skin, hair, nails and hooves
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Components of Nervous system?
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Brain, spinal cord, nerves
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Components of Cardiovascular system?
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Heart and blood vessels
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Components of Respiratory system?
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Lungs and air passages
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Components of Digestive system?
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Intestines, pancreas, and stomach
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Components of Muscular system?
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Skeletal, cardiac and smooth
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Components of Sensory system?
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Eye and ear
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Components of Endocrine system?
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Glands and hormones
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Components of Urinary system?
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Kidneys, ureter, urethra, etc.
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Components of Reproductive system?
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Ovaries and testes
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What is Homeostasis?
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the maintenance of a dynamic equilibrium in the body
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What does the word dynamic refer to?
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implies activity, energy, change and work
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What does the word equilibrium refer to?
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balance
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Even though the whole body is responsible for homeostasis, the primary two are?
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1. Endocrine system 2. Nervous system
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What does the muscle tissue do?
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enables movement
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What does the nervous tissue do?
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controls work
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What is Embryology?
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the study of prenatal development of an individual beginning with the zygote
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What does Mitotic division of the zygote proceed to form?
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A cluster of cells known as a Morula
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What does a Morula from Mitotic devision form?
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Blastula
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What is the cavity of the Blastula called? And when is it formed?
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Blastocele; when uterine fluid diffuses into the spaces between the cells of the morula.
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As the fluid accumulates, it gradually separates the cells into an outer layers of cells. What is this called? What else created with this process?
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Trophoblasts; an inner mass that forms the body of the embryo.
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What do trophoblasts contribute to?
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the fetal placenta that secures the position of the embryo in the uterus and provides for its nutrition from the maternal connection
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What is the epiblast?
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The portion of the inner cell mass closest to the trophoblast
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What is the Hypoblast?
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the portion of the inner cell mass adjacent to the Blastocele
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What is the Amniotic Cavity?
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The cavity formed dorsal to the epiblast of the embryo
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Why do proliferating hypoblast cells migrate? What does the lining become?
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to line the blastocele; Endoderm
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What does the endoderm do?
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Grows into the blastocele and generates the lungs, gut, liver, and other visceral organs.
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What does the Ectoderm develop from?
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the outer cells of the inner cell mass and radiates outward in both directions from the Primitive Streak.
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What does the Ectoderm form?
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Skin and all of its derivative (hair, hooves, etc.) and the entire nervous system
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What is the mesoderm?
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the cells between ectoderm and endoderm
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What does the mesoderm split into?
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two layers known as the celom (precursor of body cavities)
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What is derived from the Celom?
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the pericardial, pleural, and abdominopelvic cavities.
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What is develops from the mesoderm?
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Skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle, the kidneys, the skeleton, and other connective tissues.
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What 9 things does the endoderm consist of?
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1. Larnyx 2. trachea 3. lungs 4. gut 5. liver 6. many visceral organs 7. urinary bladder 8. vagina 9. urethra
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What does the mesoderm consist of?
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1. Cavities-pleural, pericardial and peritoneal cavities
2. Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle 3. Kidneys and bony skeleton 4. Adrenal cortex, blood cartilage |
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What does the ectoderm consist of?
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Skin and its derivatives and all the nervous system
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What are Epithelial tissues composed of? and name 5 examples.
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cells that cover and line other tissues; 1.bladder
2. mouth 3. blood vessels 4. thorax 5. and all body cavities and ducts |
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What is a common function of the epithelial tissue?
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the secretion of excretion of biochemical substances.
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What is Glandular Epithelia?
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Epithelia that release chemical substances;; Idividually called Goblet Cells; Organized called Beta Cells
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What are 6 other functions of Epithelia?
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1. Protects, covers and lines 2. Filters biochemical substances 3. Absorb nutrients 4. Provides sensory input 5. Manufactures secretions 6. Manufactures excretions
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What are Epithelial cells organized into?
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tightly packed groups that from sheets of tissue
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Epithelial cells are polar, what does this mean?
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they have a sense a direction relative to surrounding structures.
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What does each Epithelial cell have?
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an apical surface and a basal surface
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What does the apical surface face?
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the lumen or cavity
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What does the basal surface face?
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the connective tissue
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What do epithelial cells have that are connected to neighboring cells and what are they connected by?
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they have lateral surfaces connect by Junctional complexes
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What do all epithelial cells lack? what do they rely on?
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blood vessels or capillaries; underlying connective tissue to provide oxygen and nutrients
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What do epithelial cells have that provide sensory input?
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nerves
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Name the 3 types of cellular junction.
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1. Tight Junctions 2. desmosomes 3. gap junctions; cells usually only have one or two of the above and are specific for tissue needs
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How is a Tight Junction formed?
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formed by the fusion of the outermost layers of the plasma membranes of adjoining cells
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What is lost at the site of a tight junction?
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the matrix filled space between cells
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How can substances pass through the epithelial layer?
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only by passing through the body of the cell
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Where are tight junctions found?
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urinary bladders or in the digestive tracts
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What is a desmosome?
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a strong, welded plaque, or thickening that connects the plasma membranes of adjacent cells
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What is the bond of a desmosome?
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it is a mechanical coupling formed by filaments that interlock with one another
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What do tonofilaments extend from and what do they form?
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from the plaque into the cytoplasm of each cell like anchors forming stabilizing bases for the membrane junction
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Where are desmosomes found?
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in tension and stretch areas like the skin, heart and uterus
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What are Connexons?
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Cells that are connected by gap junctions are linked by tubular channel proteins
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What do Connexons extend from?
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the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of the other
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What do Connexons do?
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These transmembrane proteins allow the exchange and passage of ion and nutrients, such as amino acids and sugars.
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Where a Gap junctions commonly found?
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in intestinal cells, the heart, and smooth muscle tissue.
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What do gap junctions readily transport?
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electrical signals from one cell to another
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What is the scientific name for Basement Membrane?
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basal lamina
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What is the foundation of the epithelial cell?
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the basement membrane
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What is the basement membrane?
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It is nonliving meshwork of fibers that cements the epithelial cells to the underlying connective tissue.
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What do the basement membranes' strength and elasticity help to do?
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to prevent the cell from being torn off by intra-luminal pressures, such as stretching or erosion caused by the rubbing of luminal material
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What does the surface of epithelial cells variance depend on?
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where the epithelium is located in the body and, more importantly, what role it plays in the function of the tissue.
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What are the three classification characteristics of epithelia?
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1. Number of layer of cells- simple or stratified
2. Shape of Cells- squamous, cuboidal or columnar--stratified may have all three or two of the above 3. Presence of surface specialization--cilia or keratinized may be added to cells |
