Wed Night Phys Exam

Front 1

lysosomes

Back 1

digest enzymes

Front 2

mitochondria

Back 2

energy

Front 3

ribosomes

Back 3

protein

Front 4

endoplasmic reticulum

Back 4

protein synthesis/enzymatic reactions, stores Ca2+

Front 5

golgi complex

Back 5

recieves from endoplasmic reticulum, modifies, and releases

Front 6

what type of molecule can freely pass through a plasma cell membrane?

Back 6

small, nonpolar, neutrally charged molecules

Front 7

carrier mediated transport is broken into ....

Back 7

1. facilitated diffusion
2. active transport

Front 8

carrier-mediated transport is broken into ....

Back 8

1. active transport
2. passive transport (faciltiated diffusion)

Front 9

explain passive transport

Back 9

net movement across a membrane
no atp
higher conc. to lower conc.

Front 10

explain active transport

Back 10

net movement against the conc. gradient
requires apt
lower conc. to higher conc.

Front 11

the rate of diffusion is effected by

Back 11

1. magnitude
2. permeability
3. surface area
4. temperature
5. distance

Front 12

osmosis can only be determined if

Back 12

1. there is a difference in concentrations across a membrane
2. membrane must be impermeable to a solute

Front 13

aquaporins

Back 13

cells that allow water to pass rapidly

Front 14

carrier mediated transport characteristics

Back 14

1. specificity
2. saturation
3. competition

Front 15

active transport breaks into ...

Back 15

1. primary active transport
2. secondary active transport

Front 16

primary active transport steps

Back 16

1. solute binds to carrier
2. hydrolysis of ATP, results in phosphorlyation of carrier
3. conformational (shape) change
4. exposes solute to other side of membrane

Front 17

Na+/K+ pump steps

Back 17

1. 3 Na+ bind
2. ATP ---> ADP + Pi
3. ADP releases, conformation change (Na+ exits)
4. 2 K+ ions bind to Pi
5. conformation change back

PROVIDES ENERGY FOR SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Front 18

describe secondary active transport

Back 18

uses ATP indirectly
drives solutes up conc. gradient

Front 19

cotransport

countertransport

Back 19

symport, solutes in same direction

antiport, solutes in opposite direction

Front 20

describe membrane potential

Back 20

occurs naturally
difference in charge across a membrane

Front 21

describe equillibrium potential

Back 21

Ex
voltage across membrane
-potential needed to maintain conc. gradient inside/outside of the cell

Front 22

describe resting membrane potential

Back 22

RMP
membrane voltage
ranges from -65 mV to -85 mV
dependent on ion concentration in/out of cell

Front 23

electrogenic effect is caused by ...

Back 23

3 Na+ leaving
2 K+ entering

Front 24

describe schwann cells

Back 24

form meyelin sheath
wraps axons in PNS
support cell
1 mm in width (fade >3mm away)
many needed to cover the axon

Front 25

neurilemma

Back 25

schwann cell cytoplasm

Front 26

describe satellite cells

Back 26

support neuron bodies
metabolic exchanges
electrical insulators

Front 27

describe oligodendrocytes

Back 27

large cells
form meyelin sheath around axons in CNS
produces white matter

Front 28

describe microglia

Back 28

small cell
phagocytic (eats things)
proliferates (produce, multiply, divide)
monocytic
blood --> brain

Front 29

describe ependymal cells

Back 29

cuboidal, single layer of lining cell
line cavities
cilia beats & circulates CSF
microvilli increases surface area

Front 30

describe astrocytes

Back 30

large, star-shaped cell
~50% neural tissue
braces neurons, holds into place, hang onto capillaries
end feet - wrap tightly to capillaries
forms bbb

Front 31

all brain tumors are ...

Back 31

neuroglial

Front 32

describe ion gating

Back 32

1. stimulus causing rmp to change, causing depolarization
2. depol. threshold levels causes sodium channels to open
3. inactivation process causes sodium channels to close; depol. stimulus causes potassium channels to open
4. potassium channels close and membrane potention reaches rmp

Front 33

na+/k+ are stimulated by depolarization, so they are ....

Back 33

voltage gated channels

Front 34

describe action potential

Back 34

1. stimulus, strong enough to reach -55 mV
2. activates/inactivates Na+ gates
3. depolarizes the cell
4. rapidly reduces Na+ permeability
5. Activate K+ channels, repolarization stage
6. slow to close, hyperpolarization stage
7. resets to RMP, can become stimulated again

Front 35

"all or none" means

Back 35

the amplitude (size) of action potentials

Front 36

inactivation ..

Back 36

occurs automatically
lasts until the membrane repolarizes

Front 37

describe coding

Back 37

frequently modulated (FM)
recruitment: when the intensity of a stimulation increases, more and more axons become activated

Front 38

describve absolute refactory period

Back 38

during an action potential, the axon is incapable of responding to another stimulus

Front 39

describe relative refactory period

Back 39

when the axon can be stimulated by only a very strong stimulus

Front 40

depolarization stimulus is when

Back 40

na channels are closing
k channels are opening

Front 41

describe cable properties

Back 41

ability to conduct charges thru a neurons cytoplasm
high internal resistance (poor conduction)

Front 42

saltatory conduction

Back 42

"leaping" from nodes of ranvier

Front 43

describe gap junctions

Back 43

allow action potentials to spread from cell to cell
composted of 12 proteins (connexin)
passage of Ca2+
can be closed or opened

Front 44

a synapse allows

Back 44

functional junction between cells

Front 45

describe the steps of the synapse in teh presynaptic neuron

Back 45

1. action potential arrives, stimulates ion
2. Ca2+, outside cell
3. open channel, Ca2+ rushes into the cell
4. Ca2+ binds to sensor protein, forms COMPLEX
5. complex stimulates the fusion of vesicles --> membrane

Front 46

the synaptic cleft is ...

Back 46

the sapce between the presynaptic / postsynaptic axon