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71 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

how does water change state

involves the absorption of heat or relase of heat

evaporation melting and sublimation

absrbs energy

condensation freezing deposition

releases energy

water vapor and liquid exist

below 0 degrees

humidity

measure of water vapor present in an air mass

3 ways humidity is measured


absolute humidity


maximum humidty


relative humidity

absolute humidity

actual amount of water in air

maximum humidity

max amount of water vapor an air parcel will hold

relative humidity

amount of water in air compared maximum it will hold

higher the relative humidity

closer the air is to being saturated

saturation

air is considered saturated when AH =MH

Dew Point

temp at which an air mass would become saturated

what happens when air is cooled to its dew point

condensation = evaporation

what happens when air is cooled beyond Dew point

condensation exceeds evaporation

condensation

chaning of water from gas to liquid

how does rain form

water vapor condenses on surface of dust

adiabatic cooling / warming

occurs in air parcel wthout the interchange of heat with its surroundings

causes for uplift


orographic


frontal


convergence


convection

oographic lift

air forced up by land form

frontal lift

warm airmass slides over a cooler air mass

convergence

air masses move in and foce each other p

convection

solar radiation warms air at surface

Environmental Lapse Rate ELR

rate of cooling of the atmosphere

dryadibatc lapse rate DAR


rate of cooling unsaturated air


10/1000

wet adiabatic lape rate WAR

6/1000

absolutely stable

ELR < WAR

absolutely unstable

ELR > DAR

conditionally unstable

DAR> ELR> WAR

convective lifting

air at suface is warmed by insolaton

orgraphi lifting


air cools a it is forced up


-at DAR until saturated


-At WAR until summit is reahed

hoar frost


caused by slow ice deposition


feathery appearance

rime

hard icy coating caused by supercooled cloud drops

radiation fog

air cools in place

advection fog

air cools as it moves horizontally

evaporation fog


air cools as it moves verticaly


-steam fog appears when newly saturated air rises and cools to AT

radiation fog


cools near earth surface


-air cools over night and descends

tule fog


san Joaquin valley


-very thick


winter phenomenon

ice fog

ice stays suspended in air


extremely cold conditions below -30

cumulonimbus


base level cloud

stratus


low level


fog is a stratus cloud

nimbostratus


thick stratus clouds with precipitation


usually steady rain or snow

sratocumulus


patchy or linear made up of large cumulus clouds


-middle height

altocumulus


mass of small medium cumulus witih higher base


-middle height

cirrocumulus


massof tiny cumulus


associated with fair weather


high level height

cirrus


wispy blown by high wind


cold or warm front approaching

cirrostratus

thin sheetlike ice crystals ause alo around sun r mon

cumulonimbus


main storm cloud


very high tops ( at tropopause)


anvil top : blown by winds

mammatus

bulges under anvil clounds indicating down drafts of cooler air

shelf cloud

associated with gust front ahead of storm

roll cloud

like shelf cloud but detached from bse of cumulonmbus

lenticular

dry/moist layers of air forced up by land form

kelvi Helmholtz loud

fast ai above pulls clous ahead like waves

undulates asperatus

newest cloud category

human induced clouds

cumulus created by convectio over power plant forest fire or volcano.

drizzle diameter

< .5

virga

water droplets exaporate before reaching ground

petrichor

smell of ran reease of chemical from dry ground after drops fall

sleet


tiny ice pellets


-rain freezes before hitting the ground

freezing rain


liquid precipitation freezes upon hitting the ground


hail


ice pellet yclethrough above and below freezing level gaining in size each cycle it goes through


-strong up draft = big hail

graupel


soft hail :


-super cooled water freezes on falling snow flake

acid rain


unusually high concentration of nitric or sulfuric acid

acid fog


suspension of acid water drops


-leads to respiratory diseases

how much has acid rain decreased

30%

how much of earth is covered in water

70.8%

ocean largest

pacific

ocean smalles

artic

hydrologic cycle

constant circulation of water through atmosphere and earth

tides

reslt of gravitation pull of moon and sun

el nino


warmer in US winter


air flows away south America to Indonesia


I -----> SA

la nino

colder in US


air flos from Indonesia to south America



I <----- SA