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56 Cards in this Set

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RESORGIMENTO

Process of constructing united Italy. All they had in common though was a language and nothing else. Increased belief of group of people called "The Italians"

OTTO von BISMARCK

Prussian aristocrat who recognized power or nationalism. Hated socialism. Wanted to make Prussia bigger and take some of Austria territory.

FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR

Bismarck goads France to declare war. Germany temporarily occupies France and declares Empire in Versailles.

SOCIAL WELFARE STATE

Many conservative elites were trying to promote welfare. Rights to vote to working class and appeals to working class such as labor regulations and maximum amount of hours worked per week.

THE DREYFUS AFFAIR

French Political right who did not like the Republic and wanted to bring Bonaparte's back. Captain Dreyfus created war plans and was accused of being a Jew. Was found guilty and sent to Devil’s Island under slim accusation. After large mass politics and people talking about it in all different times of media available at the time Dreyfus is exonerated. Shows power of people.

CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM

- Economical motivation and search for raw material like petroleum and rubber.


- Civilizing mission and Western explorations.


- Advances in medicine and arms.

SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA

- King Leopold II; began to try to explore Africa and congo and then other nations became interested too.


- Lots of rubber and ivory.


- congress of Berlin; countries to go on run for territories. Only could conquer if actually in territory.


- Formal VS. Informal Empire

INFORMAL EMPIRE

Controlled by faithful person to the crown. Let them be in charge, but only if they follow what crown wants them to do. Way of having an Empire on the cheap.

CHARLES DARWIN

Positivist mentality. Was a biologist and went on a 6-year long journey where he became interested in slight differences in species; which wasn’t a new idea. Worked for 15 years on Theory of Evolution.

FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE

German philosopher with profound influence in Western philosophy and modern intelectual history.

THE GAY SCIENCE

If there is no God, what do we do next? No rational orderly universe. Average person has no ability to replace God with something else. Blames are no longer in the hands of God but in our own hands and people can’t take such responsibility. Civilization needs strong willed people.

THE "NEW WOMAN"

Rejected separate spheres. Increasingly independent and delaying marriage as long as possible. Bicycles were important because now women don’t have to depend on anyone to get around town and did not only wear a dress.

WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE

Voting rights for women.

SUFFRAGETTE

More radical and got attention for more people because they were more shocking. Middle class. Would purposely get arrested so husbands would have to bail them out of jail. Would engage in hunger strikes. Advertisements of such women said they did not take care of home or of kids.

EUGENICS

Trying to limit reproduction of lesser people. You begin to see more things such as cowboys on TV and Roosevelt becomes western icon. Men should spend more time outdoors and become tougher.

ROAD TO WWI

- Tripple Allience & Entente: Alliances offer security while also increasing tension between nations. Things were just waiting to explode.Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria and ItalyTriple Entente: Initially France and Russia and then Britain, who joins the alliance only after some time since they did not really need armed forces help from other countries.


- Prince of Hungary gets assassinated by Serbians. Russia gets mad and then war because of alliances.

THE SCHLIEFFEN PLAN (1905)

German military plan were most commonly concerned with what would happen if there was a war and made a plan for Germany’s army to mobilize quickly and almost 85% would be for France and attack through neutral Belgium instead of right into France.

TRENCH WARFARE

Both troops facing each other inside trenches. Barbed wire, land mines, machine guns. French have 80 miles of trenches. WWI is parallel trenches running from Swiss border to North Sea. Very back and forth with no one ever actually winning. 800,000 deaths within first year on Western Front. Fighting a 20th century war (machine-wise) with 19th century tactics.

UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE

Germany begins to shoot British supply ships too and then British begin to use neutral ships so then Germany declared unrestricted submarine warfare and sinks some US ships too.

PRESIDENT WOODROW WILSON (1856-1924)

Wanted to maintain America neutral but he saw Germany as trying to destroy democratic principles.

“FOURTEEN POINTS” (1917)

Collection of Wilson’s initiatives. It blamed the war on the standing alliances. Wilson saw European system as wrong and began to clash with his allies. Wanted to do away with standing alliances and instead have an international cooperation where they could end conflicts. Precursor of League of Nations.

SELF-DETERMINATION

Nationalities should be allowed to determine their own statehood and alliances as ethnicity. Creates problems to Austria-Hungary and France and Britain.

RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

Because it is not an industrialized nation, Lenin has it go back to basically feudalism and then with Stalin he makes a Five Year plan of Industrialization, which leaves a bunch death by starvation but works as a longterm plan.

BOLSHEVIKS

Group of socialists; Marxist socialists led by Lenin. Radical revolution.

VLADIMIR LENIN (1870-1924)

Had been living in exile but came back in 1917 and found people who agreed with him. Peace, land and bread. Russia is not an industrialized state and communism is meant for industrialized states, so Lenin focuses on land distribution and development.

JOSEPH STALIN (1879-1953)

After Lenin’s death Stalin comes to power. He is a seminary drop-out and is less of an intellectual than Lenin. He wanted to do away with slow moderate course of engaging communism and wanted to do it faster.

FIRST FIVE YEAR PLAN (1929-1932)

Industrialization established in less than 5 years. Did so through violence and using state to industrialize Russia. Many people died from starvation because less people were working in farms. Russia undergoes Industrial Revolution and demonstrates the power of the state under a totalitarian power.

FASCISM

Fascism puts nationalism first and is against democracy because could lead into individuals interests being against the interest of the state. They were against liberalism and equality and communism because communism rejects class differences. Fascism focuses on nation. They say that there will be class difference and some people will be poor but the state and the nationalism is what will hold the nation together. Political parties begin to become more radical. Social Darwinism very used, survival of the fittest.

TREATY OF VERSAILLES

Britain and France to acquire military reparations from Germany. Wilson and the US used 14 points, which was the idea of preventing war from happening again and promote concept of national self determination. Communities within empires should be allowed to have a country and an ethnic group has a natural right to pursue national self-determination. Germany had to stay out of war and lost land.

“STAB IN THE BACK” MYTH

Ten years down the road Germany looks back and realize they were really winning war when the armistice happened. Treaty wasn’t really a negotiation but was a one sided agreement because Germany was starting and the government had no choice. So fascists will begin to say Germany was stabbed in the back by own government and that Germany could have won the war.

BENITO MUSSOLINI (1883-1945)

Mussolini was a former socialist who realized that Italy was more important than working class needs. He was a newspaper editor, active in promoting Italy going into WWI on side of allies so he was very disappointed with treaty because even though Italy was a part of the Big 4 it did not get to have much of a say in the decisions. Italians were also not represented in Treaty of Versailles. Their economy is in shambles and do not get much investment like Germany does, so as Germany improves, Italy worsens. Communism spreads across Italy, gaining an electoral voice and this scares Mussolini and his followers.

VOLKSGEMEINSCHAFT

“The people’s community”; the German people, excluded and blamed problems on Jews, Freemasons (international people), the Roma (gypsies because are an international organization and communism.

LEBENSRAUM

Is not too concerned with Western Europe. Wants to move eastward into rich agricultural land and German settlers will live in German territory; it is a far fetched long term plan.

MUNICH CONFERENCE (1938)

British French and Germans meet so discuss what to do with Czechoslovakia. They believed in appeasement and allowed Hitler to absorb Sudetenland and he agreed to be content with this. They believed him. Four months later he conquered the rest of Czechoslovakia. Mostly bloodless because they couldn’t do anything about it. This is when it became clear to everyone that Hitler is not going to be appeased.

APPEASEMENT

By giving into some of plans, appease them and avoid some further actions. Next in Danzig corridor. It was given Poland, in 1939 Hitler declared intentions to forseize it. Brits and French agreed that if Hitler wasn’t stopped that he would just keep going on and that they had to stop him. They released public statement supporting Poland. Britain and France go to war beginning WWII because of unwillingness of Western parties to stop fascism. Many people in Britain and France saw this as a failure.

SECOND WORLD WAR

BLITZKRIEG

Second world war is highly between Soviet Union and Germany. The capacity of killing is bigger than WWI. Germans have greater advance. There is mechanized warfare. Germany sends Blitzkrieg into Netherlands, Belgium and France. Netherlands surrenders after 4 days and Belgium shortly after.

WINSTON CHURCHILL (1874-1965)

Churchill becomes Prime Minister; Britain was close to peace agreement but Churchill announced he refused to surrender and that they would continue fighting Germany. Germany cannot invade Great Britain because it does not have a navy so it uses airpower to destroy Britain air force and wipe out their industrial capacity and attack general population. Nation is in rallies. Hitler sees it won’t succeed and loses interest in Great Britain. Polls back but does not stop completely.

AXIS POWERS

Germany, Italy and Japan (Fascism)

CONTAINMENT POLICY

Was a speech coming from American government that Soviet Union is expansionist by its own nature and would eventually take over Europe. US would not allow USSR to go over the line and cross “Iron Curtain” and would do anything to stop communism.

THE BERLIN AIRLIFT (1848)

Stalin wanted to test containment policy, wanted to get rid of Western presence in Berlin; USSR has a much larger army so if they wanted to invade Berlin they could but they did not want to provoke a war from West because US had atomic bombs. Stalin says the roads into Western Berlin needed repairs and closes roads into Western Berlin, making it impossible for inbound of food supply. Us then instead of stepping out of Berlin, going to war or stepping down from containment policy, starts to use airplanes to get supplies to Western Berlin. This embarrasses USSR to much that Stalin reopens roads. Stalin was testing to see how far they would go to uphold containment and in this case they went far. It was everyone’s best interest not to go to war.

NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)

This was the first peace type of binding alliance. Attack on any member of NATO is an attack on all of NATO formalizes it as a peacetime treaty.

WARSAW PACT (1955)

Pact between all of the Eastern European states that had pro-Soviet communist regimes, in answer to NATO; Europe now divided into NATO and Warsaw pact zones, the second stand-off against each other.

BERLIN WALL (1961)

Khrushchev wants to make a way to serve Eastern and Western Berlin without starting a war. Germans were going into Western Berlin because then they were free and from there could fly anywhere they wanted. Berlin wall is then built. Eastern Berlin begins to be more and more impoverished, while Western Berlin is flourishing. This is the big symbolic moment.

CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS (1962)

This is one of the two places where was became close to happening; another one was when both sides became very close to launching nuclear war. JFK administration accused of being too soft on communism, so it makes plan to invade Cuba by Cuban exiles. CIA trains them and drops them off in Bay of Pigs and they are slaughtered. JFK gets bombarded by press for not supporting this invasion. Castro is afraid of American invasion and turns to the USSR for help. USSR sends short rance nuclear weapons and in October 1962 US spy planes see them and now everyone is freaking out. So in the next 2 months US and USSR come very close to going to war. JFK decided that he won’t invade Cuba but will surround them with US Ships so they can’t get food or war supplies. This is a blockade but he calls it a quarantine and so it wasn’t seen as an act of war. USSR was going to send ships but turned around because they don’t want war either. USSR withdraws weapons after negotiation but now the US cannot attack Cuba and they got US to withdraw missiles from Turkey. After this both sides see they need coexistence.

KEYNESIAN ECONOMICS

Between extreme market capitalism and socialism. Government putting money into certain aspects of the economy. Social safety and welfare, unemployment. Shapes society in a way to prevent against totalitarianism where people are happy. Recovery of economy and US GDP represented 50% of world’s economy productivity in 1950.

THE NEW LEFT

Education blossomed due to the G.I. Bill’ Emergence of middle class college educated youths; Youth culture therein becomes politicized; 1950s-1960s Intellectuals and in college; reidentification with university students; Generational rejection; a want for a new identity.

DECOLONIZATION

Political movement that is attractive to New Left, especially in France.

“PRAGUE SPRING” IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA

Prague was the wealthiest of the Eastern block states. Bordered with Austria and Germany and can pick up West Germany TV and Radio station so they have a better view of capitalism than other nations of Eastern Block. They then take on the streets to protest the USSR control. Want to have free elections. Don’t get anywhere with protests.

NEW CONSERVATISM

“NATIONAL SELF-DETERMINATION”

The idea that had been put forth by Wilson after WWI that had been applied to nations in Europe ended up being done by people who would cooperate, who believed colonialism was good because it would lead to independent nations. Formation of UN spurred this as well because if you are a member of the UN you all have equal status. At end of WWII now US and USSR are most powerful powers and are against colonialism and promote colonial independence. US wants to keep places from becoming communist while other nations can no longer pay their own bills and are failing at maintaining an empire.

1947 PARTITION PLAN

When time comes to plan British withdrawal, problem that have Northern Muslim population and southern Hindi population. This had always been a diving actor. Britain creates 2 states. Hindu India and Pakistan. Turns nasty when British leaves. Not everyone in the border followed the religion of the partition plan so Muslims in India tried to get into Pakistan and vice-versa. Turns violent and 1 million are killed, problems are British created.

MIKHAIL GORBACHEV (1931 - PRESENT)

Communist, but knew that could not keep going with Cold War, believes that if everyone was given the freedom of choice, that they would choose communism.

PERESTROIKA

Economic restructuring of the USSR. Lessen centralized control of the economy. Not abandoning state ownership, but allows capitalism to shape economy to make it more competitive with the West; which is not quite successful. Economic policy, restructuring in the late 80s, not abandon communism, but kind of lessening communism.

GLASNOST *Openness

All of the USSR dominated states should be allowed to decide their own destiny; keeping in mind he thought if people were given freedom they would choose communism. Eastern block states then begin to unravel and fall of USSR brings democracy. Democracy was led by New Left from 20 years ago who are now grown up. Voting rights when it is applied is when USSR begins to fall apart. Cannot use force anymore to maintain government.

THE EUROPEAN UNION (1993)

Dream of a united Europe had been a thing since the 1940s. It was always difficult being that there are a ton of different languages and cultures in Europe. Western Europeans would adopt same currency and policies. Could travel on a train across Europe without having to keep going through immigration. To join European Union have to abide by a bunch of policies. Gradually extending eastward towards Russia; never has really been a politically unified European Union.