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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is realpolitik?
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'the politics of reality'; the political counterpart of realism and positivism
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In 1815, how many states did Italy consist of?
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2
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Despite the middle class, most Italians clung to what value?
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the regime
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What did these traditionalists think of national unity?
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that it was hateful
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What kept alive the hopes for liberty and independence from foreign rule after 1815?
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Secret societies
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What was the most important secret society?
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Carbonari
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Who fought for republican and constitutional government and held that national unity would enhance individual liberty?
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Giuseppe Mazzini
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According to Mazzini, what would lead to the regeneration of of humanity?
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an awakened Italy
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What organization did he found when he was in Italy?
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Young Italy
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Who was the chief minister of piedmont sardinia that became the architect of italian unity?
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Count Camillo Benso di Cavour
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Whose success confirmed Mazzini's belief that a popular leader could arouse the masses to heroic action?
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Garibaldi
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During what war did Rome become the capital of Italy?
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Franco-Prussian War of 1870
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How did liberals now think that German unity would be achieved?
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through prussian arms, not liberal ideals
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What idea did not take firm root in Italy?
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liberalism
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What great lesson did the leaders learn from the french rev?
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a devoted citizen army fights more effectively than oppressed serfs
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Liberalism had an unpromising beginning where?
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Prussia
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What was the Zollverein?
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a customs union which abolished tariffs between the states
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Who refused the crown offered him by the Frankfurt assembly?
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Frederick William IV
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Who ordered the collection of taxes without the approval of parliament?
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Bismarck
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Prussia's victory over Austria was a triumph for what and a defeat for what?
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conservatism and nationalism; liberalism
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A cause for war with France arose over what?
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the succession to the vacated spanish throne
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A Germany upset by Prussia had done what?
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upset the balance of power
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What group viewed science as the highest achievement of the mind and sought to apply a strict empirical approach to the study of society?
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positivists
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Who was the father of positivism?
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Auguste Comte; who called for a purely scientific approach to history and society
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What are the three stages of the mind that Comte was said to come up with?
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theological, metaphysical, and the scientific
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Because Comte advocated the scientific study of society, what is he regarded as?
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the principal founder of sociology
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What was the most important scientific advance?
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evolution
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What principle determines which members of the species have a better chance of survival in the world of myriad dangers and limited resources
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natural selection
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Who are the people that transferred Darwin's scientific theories to social and economic issues to buttress an often brutal economic individualism and political conservatism?
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social darwinism
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failure was now attributed to what?
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an inferior hereditary endowment
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In their view, war was nature's way of doing what?
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eliminating the unfit
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The theory of evolution in the hands of social darwinists served to do what?
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undermine the enlightenment tradition
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how did several intellectuals attack religion in the 19th century?
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as an obstacle to progress
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According to David Friedrich Strauss, the gospels contained what?
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much mythical-religious content but little history
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He argued what about Jesus?
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that Jesus of the faith is not the same as the Jesus of history
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Ludwig Feuerbach argued what about the starting point of philosophy?
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it should be the human being and the material world, not God
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Why do human beings believe in the divine?
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because they seek assistance from it in life and fear death
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When does humanity liberate itself?
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when it rejects God's existence and religion's claim to truth
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For Soren Kierkegaard, what is the highest truth?
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that human beings are God's creatures
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Because Christian truths surpass reason, what do true Christians do?
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strengthened by faith, plunge, with confidence, into the absurd
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What is modernism?
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a movement of catholic intellectuals that sought to liberalize the church
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Socialists demanded the creation of a new society based on what?
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cooperation rather than on competition
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Socialists believed they had discerned a pattern in what?
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human society
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What would happen if they properly understood and acted upon this pattern?
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it would lead men and women to an earthly salvation
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What did this belief say about the early socialists?
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they were also romantics
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Who argued that scientific knowledge would bind the society of his time just as Christianity had provided social unity and stability during the middle ages?
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Henri Comte de Saint-Simon
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What did Charles Fourier understand about specialization?
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that it bred boredom and alienation from work and life with its deadening routine
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Fourier hoped that what would disappear on its own accord as society adjusted to his theories?
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family
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Robert Owen resolved to improve the lives of his employees and show what?
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that it was possible to do so without destroying profits
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What did owen believe just like many philosophes about the environment?
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that it was the principal shaper of character
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what were the engine of industrial growth in Britain?
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railroads
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the revolution in what paralleled the epic expansion of railroads?
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shipping
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What two advantages did it have?
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1. brought different parts of the world together
2. made europe the marketplace of the world |
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The whole world was open to what kind of goods?
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cheap, plentiful goods
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what 4 things would power the 20th century?
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1. steam
2. oil and gas 3. electricity |
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communication pushed _____, and industrial growth stretched _______.
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expansions; communications
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