Watson By 124 Lecture One/ Evolution Of Plants

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plants:

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multi-cellular eukaryotic photosynthetic autotrophs

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four groups of land plants(embyrophytes)

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bryophytes, seedless land plants, gymnosperms, angiosperms

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bryophytes

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nonvascular mosses, dont produce seeds

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seedless vascular plants

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vascular, ferns, no seeds

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gymnosperms

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vascular conifers(pines, spruce, cedar trees), true seed plants

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angiosperms

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vascular, modern flowering plants, true seed plants

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land plants evolved from _______

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ancestral algae(carophycean green algae-most closely related)

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land plants and carophycean green algae have shared traits:

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have similar peroxisome enzymes, rosette-shaped cellulose synthesizing complex, similar sperm structure, formation of phragmoplast,

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peroxisome enzymes in carophycean green algae and land plants________

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are the same but different in other types of algae

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formation of phragmoplasts?

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after nuclear division takes place and before cytokenesis bundles of micrutubules line up along the midline and associated with those microtubules are vesicles produced by the golgi apparatus(these are called phragmoplasts)

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land plants (did/did not) evolve from carophytes

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did not....they share a common ancestry

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differences between embryophytes and carophytes

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apical maristems(in LP), alternation of generations (in LP), gamatangia(in LP), multicellular embryos (in LP), spores (LP)

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land plants aka apical maristems(in land plants not algae) are....

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regions of rapid cell division in the tips of shoots and roots in land plants

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alternation of generations(LP)

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gametophyte generation(haploid), sporophyte generation(diploid)(alternating generations)

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gamatangia

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multicellular gamatangia organs resposible for producing gametes
male (antharydia/um)
female (archagonia/um)

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sporophytes produce____

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spores that have a protective wall surrounding them

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bryophytes(moss)are important because

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common to wetland ecosystems-provide(habitats) for other organisms, act as a carbon storage system, stabalizes soil by minimizing amount of nitrogen leeched out of soil by water. bryophyetes have three phyla(one being bryophyta(mosses))

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life cycle of a moss

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separate haploid male and female gametophytes, both have gamatangia(antharydia M(tip of gametophyte), archagonia F), fertilization in archagonia, diploid zygote goes through mitosis into sporophyte on the end of gametophyte,(sporophyte dependent on gametophyte)

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three structural components of sporophyte

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foot (attaches sporophyte to gametophyte), threadlike ceta, capsule (spore producing organ or sporangium)

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sporangium produces....

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spores(haploid: diploid to haploid) through meiosis

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haploid spores produces by sporangium mature into

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female and male gametophyte

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dominate phase of moss life cycle

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gametophyte

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male and female gametophytes attached to the substrate(soil) ____

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by structures called rhizomes(not roots cuz non-vascular)

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bryophytes are only a few cell layers thick because

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they get water through diffusion....no vascular system

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seedless vascular plants are...

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thought to provide insight into the evolution of plants

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seedless land vascular were....

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the dominate form of life a long time ago and they made coal to fuel the industrial evolution and energy production

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seedless vascular plants have ___ phyla

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two (one of ferns and one of quillworts)

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seedless vascular plants have a system of tubes or conduits that are used to

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transport water and nutrients; tubes that transport water are called cylum and system that transport nutrients is called flow * check channel names*

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water conduits have a polymer....

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called lignin that make tubes structurally strong(allows for thicker plants)

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chemo

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gets energy from inorganic oxidation

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auto

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obtain carbon from themselves

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photo

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get energy from light

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hetero

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obtain carbon from somewhere else

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mature gametophyte of fern is (hap/dip)

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haploid

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sporangia on the underside of a fern are clustered into a ____

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sorus
pl. sori

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dominate phase of life cycle in fern

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sporophyte

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gametophyte in ferns is ____ and ___-_____

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independent and free-living

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a seed is defined by having

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a diploid embryo, a food supply, and a protective seed coat

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seed plants have ____ and ______

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seeds and pollen