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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the testis determining factor
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XY Gonad
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this hormone causes the mullerian duct to regress
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Antimullerion hormone
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without this the wolffian duct regresses
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testosterone
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max # of oogonia produced by mitotic division
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7 mil
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what becomes the primary oocyte
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prophase of 1st meoisis
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what happens to the # of primary oocytes as one ages
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it decreases from 1-2 mil to 400 thousand just before puberty
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fundamental repro unit
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single ovarian follicle, composed of one oocyte, surroundrd by endocrine cells
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these superficial cells contain no aromatose, have only LH receptors, and can get LDL in blood
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thecal cells
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interior cells that have aromatase but no 17x hydroxylase
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granulosa cells
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how do granulosa cells get cholesterol
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do novo synthesis, have both LH & FSH rec, which add progesterone to 17x progesterone
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what is formed from testoterone if androgen levels are high
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DHT
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estrogen has ____ affinity for estradiol receptors while progesterone has a ___ affinity for estrogen
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incre, decr
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what cells regulate ovulation
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granulosa cells
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this sets up pseudoinflammatory response, prostaglandin endoperoxidase synthase in granulosa cells
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LH surge
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stimulates release of plasminogen activator from granulosa cells-plasminogen to plasmin
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FSH some LH
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this cycle is controlled by gonadotropins, gonadal hormones
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menstrual cycle
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this cycle consists of menstruation, proliferative and secretory phases
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endometrial cycle
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3 phases of ovarian cycle and length of each phase
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follicular phase- 15 days, ovulatory phase 1-3 days, luteal phase 13 days
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what increases to stimulate an LH surge
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estradiol
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neg feedback on ____ reduces LH and FSH
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GnRH
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during this phase LH, FSH, and GnRH are all increased
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proliferative phase
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these 2 hormones casuses changes in FSH during the ovarian cycle
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activin and inhibin
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when does the luteal phase occur
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a couple days after ovulation
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what happens to progesterone during the follicular phase
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increases significantly then decreases
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______ provides necessary implantation of ovum and maint of zygote until placenta can take over
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corpus luteum
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what happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur
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it will regress in about 14 days
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what is another term for Avascular scar
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corbus albicans
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when is the endometrium at its thickest point
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ending of secretory phase
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enzyme that converts cholesterol to pregnenolone
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SSC
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enzyme that converts pregnenolone to DHEA
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17x hydroxylase
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enzyme that converts E2 to E3
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aromatase
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This E form occurs during pregnancy to decrease prescence of estrogen
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E3 estriol
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this estrogen occurs mostly in the menopausal female
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E1- estrone
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this estrogen is the primary form
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estradiol
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this hormone form leads to fat desposition an men and women (hips and thighs)
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estradiol
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Does estrogen cause osteoblastic or osteoclastic activity
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oseoblastic
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what happens to sensitivity of steroids as one ages
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you get a reduction in sensitivity
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what is the genomic effect of estradiol
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NOS synthesis which produces NO and also upreg estrogen and progesterone
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this pregesterone rec antagonist causes abortion and also inh hyperhydrocortisolism
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mifepristone
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how does mifepristone work
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it inh estrogen rec synthesis causing endometrial proliferation during luteal phase
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diff between M & F in mitotic proliferation
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in Males spermatogenesis proliferate only after puberty, primary spermatocyte produces 4 mature spermtazoa, and the spermatids undergo substansial defferentiation
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state of cyclic repro func, beginning with pulsatile GnRH secretion during REM sleep
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Puberty
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some factors that determines age of puberty
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genetics, nutrition, geographic location(further from equator-earlier onset, light exposure, fat deposition, and exercise
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In the US does sexual maturation occur earlier in black girls or white girls with the same socioeconomic status
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What are the diff between the M and F sexual response
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no ejac in the female and women don't require a refractory time before beginning excitation again
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what is the % of female sexual dysfunc
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45% ages 16-50 yrs
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what characteristics might help one to think they might be ovulating
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increase in temp and diff in mucus discharge from vagina
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how does progestins prevent implantation
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cervical mucus thickens, inh motility, decr transport of ova and sperm
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What is norplant
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implant contraception, norprogestins which lasts 5 yrs
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how does depoprovera work
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inh ovulation and implantation
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this postcoital contaceptive is an oral contraceptive that is given withinn 72 hrs of unprot intercourse
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RU 486
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onset occurs at 51 yrs-avg, with a obsolescence of ovaries, no estradiol prod, ova only occasional secondary follicle, few primary follicles
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menopause
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what is HERS
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Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study
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was there an increase in CHD endpoints c HRT or placebo over 4 yrs
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no
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What did the women's initiative conclude
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HRT regimen should not be initiated or continued for primary prrevention of CHD
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anti-estrogen SERM that is being used in breast cancer
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raloxiphene
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this weak estrogen in long term uses cause an increase in cervical cancer because of low tonic secretion
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Tamoxiphen
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smooth muscl tumor -fibroids in uterus estrogen dependent
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Leimyomas
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aberrant prescence of endometrial tissue occuring outside the uterine cavity, which responds to E2 during menstrual cycle causing pain and infertility
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endometriosis
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how is endometriosis treated
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give GnRH continously, which downregulates GnRH rec but causes hypoestrogenism
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What causes toxic shock syndrome in the menstrual patient
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tampons and barrier contraceptives
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what genetic state causes a misassigned gender
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XY, deficient in testosterone prod
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what are the clinical manifestations in Women
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galactorrhea in 30-80%, menstrual irregularity and infertility
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cond that causes increase in hair on chin or mustache and acne
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hormone that is detected c in 8 days of contraception in maternal blood and urine(secreted by blastocysts)
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hCG
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hCG is entrained by ___- 11-22 min pulses, no E2 response element in promoter, so no neg feedback like LH and FSH
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Gn RH
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immunosuppressant, stimulates progesterone and E2, maintains corpus luteum beyond normal lifespan, stimulates essential DHEA-S in fetal zone of adrenal cortex
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func of hCG
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how many days does it take for blastocyte to reach uterus? To implant?
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4-5 days, 5-7 days
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cytotrophoblasts and synctiotrophoblasts form
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placental-hypothalmic pituatary axis
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this hormone is most imp for establishment and sustenance of fetus
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progesterone
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inh uterine contractions
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progesterone
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fetal gut, placenta, kidney and endocrine gland that helps keep the fetus alive
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plaacenta
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What are some maternal responses to pregnancy
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increased cardiac output(40%) and blood vol(30%)
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______ index of fetal well being
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estriol
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initially produced by corpus luteum in first 5-6 wks which is stimulated bu hCG
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Estradiol
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estrogens
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stimulates growth of uterine myometrium and ductal tissue of breast
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early maternal response to pregnancy
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plasma Na decreased despite Na retention, dec osmolarity
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what happens at about 10 wks (maternal response)
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thirst and AVP not suppressed until reach new threshold-new osmostat
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what is made by the placenta to get AVP levels to the same as prepregnant levels
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increased vasopressinase
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when does insulin increase during pregnancy
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3rd month
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occurs in 70% of pregnancies, with an onset of 4-8 wks of gestation, assoc c more favorable outcome
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morning sickness
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what causes pregnancy induced HTN
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preclampsia and eclampsia
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what are the 2 func of amniotic fluid
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mech bufferand mech by which fetus excretes wastes
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what is phase 3 of parturition
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postpartum, involution of uterus
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phase 2 of parturition
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time of delivery of fetus to delivery of placenta
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phase 0 of parturition
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conception to beginning of labor, quiescent uterus
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phase assoc c dec c AMP, cGMP, MLCK activity which is due to progesterone, relaxin, prostacyclin, NO
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Phase 0
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upreg of contraction asoc proteins, connexin 43, cervical softening due to rearrangemnet of collagen fibers
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Phase 1
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what does connexin 43 do?
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increase gap junctions 50x's increase myometrial oxytocin receptor
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delivery of fetus and placenta
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phase 2
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___ most imp in postpartum bleeding and involution of the uterus
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oxytocin
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weak contractions which begin about 1 month before labor
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Braxton Hicks contractions
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what causes labor pains
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ischemia of uterine muscle in early stage, then stretch if cevix, perineum, vagina
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most women receive ____ following labor to prevent bleeding
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oxytocin
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when is pitocin most imp
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phase 3
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what inh lactation
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precipitious drop in estrogen and progesterone after delivery
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what does lactation inh
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FSH, LH and interferes c repro func
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what causes mastitis
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S aureus, S epidermidis, strep gram neg rods or candida albicans
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inability to conceive after 12 mon of unprot sex
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infertility
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rate of infertility
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14% women ages 15-44
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decreases in these hormones causes infertility
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FSH, LH, E2 c or s increase in prolactin
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