Water Treatment

Front 1

The Surface Water Treatment Rule requires______removal rates for viruses.

Back 1

99.99%

Front 2

The goal of IESWTR (LT2) is to reduce the exposure to this:

Back 2

cryptosporidium

Front 3

According to the Disinfectant/Disinfection By-Product Rule, the Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level for chlorine and chloramine has been established at _____________.

Back 3

4.0 mg/L

Front 4

According to the Disinfectant/Disinfection By-Products Rule, the MCL for total Trihalomethanes has been established at

Back 4

0.080 mg/L

Front 5

Define a community water system?

Back 5

a public water system which serves at least 15 service connections used by year-long residents or regularly serves at least 25 year-long residents.

Front 6

Primary drinking water standards are designed to guard

Back 6

health

Front 7

Define Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)?

Back 7

maximum permissible level or concentration of contaminant in water

Front 8

Secondary drinking water standards are regulations designed to guard the ________ of water.

Back 8

aesthetic quality

Front 9

The movement of water through the earth into the atmosphere and back to the earth.

Back 9

hydrologic cycle

Front 10

The SWTR requires ______ and infiltration galleries to be treated as surface water sources.

Back 10

springs

Front 11

An aquifer that is confined both above and below by upper and lower layers of impermeable strata and is under pressure this is know as a/an

Back 11

artesian aquifer

Front 12

In reference to groundwater, what is the saturation zone?

Back 12

an area where all the voids in the soil become permeated with water.

Front 13

Describes the term drawdown.

Back 13

the drop in water level from the static level to the pumping level

Front 14

The water level inside a well when the pumps are not in operation

Back 14

static

Front 15

The process of returning water to the earth during the hydrologic cycle

Back 15

precipitation

Front 16

This device allows air to enter and exit the well as water levels rise and fall

Back 16

vent

Front 17

The top of the well casing that prevents surface run off or contamination of entering the well

Back 17

Sanitary Seal

Front 18

_______ is a pretreatment process used to remove gravel, sand, and silt from raw water before it enters the treatment facility.

Back 18

presedimentation

Front 19

A microstrainer can be used to remove ____ from water prior to treatment.

Back 19

algae and other aquatic organisms

Front 20

Suspended solids resist settling due to their small size this natural repelling force.

Back 20

Zeta Potential

Front 21

Most turbidity in water is _______.

Back 21

negatively charged

Front 22

These types of solids are molecular in size and will pass through a filter unless converted to an un-dissolved state.

Back 22

coagulation

Front 23

When feeding dry coagulant chemicals, what is the most important consideration?

Back 23

the chemicals must be mixed into a solution prior to treating the water

Front 24

The chemical formula for aluminum sulfate is _____.

Back 24

Al2(SO4)3 X 14H2O

Front 25

Which of the following chemicals may be used to raise alkalinity of water?

Back 25

jar test

Front 26

Describe disinfection.

Back 26

inactivation of pathogenic organisms

Front 27

What is true regarding UV disinfection?

Back 27

1. It provides an option for compliance with LT2ESWTR

2. It is effective for inactivation of cryptosporidium

3. Use of UV does not form regulated (harmful) Disinfection By Products

Front 28

What is true about disinfecting with ozone?

Back 28

1. It is a powerful oxidizing agent

2. It is usually generated on site

3. It is bluish gas with a pungent odor

Front 29

The point on the chlorine curve where further addition of chlorine produces free available chlorine is known as ____________.

Back 29

breakpoint

Front 30

_______ are formed when chlorine is added to water containing naturally occurring organic compounds.

Back 30

trihalomethanes

Front 31

________, one of the two forms of free residual, is the most effective disinfectant available.

Back 31

hypochlorite ion

Front 32

The practice of combining chlorine with ammonia to form this specific disinfectant is called________?

Back 32

chloramination

Front 33

What is true regarding chloramine (combined chlorine)?

Back 33

1. chloramines have a longer lasting residual than chlorine

2. use of chloramines do not contribute to the formation of THMs

3. chloramines are formed by combining ammonia with free chlorine

Front 34

Dosage equals ___________.

Back 34

demand plus residual

Front 35

Chlorine gas has what effect on the pH of water?

Back 35

Lowers

Front 36

The amount of chlorine added beyond this point to achieve free available chlorine ________?

Back 36

break point

Front 37

Chlorine forms two chemicals when dissolved in water, which is stronger?

Back 37

hypochlorous acid

Front 38

CT is the calculation of chemical concentration and ____________?

Back 38

time

Front 39

The term used to describe the destruction of pathogenic organisms.

Back 39

sterilization

Front 40

Calcium hypochlorite, combined with petroleum based products, will have what chemical reaction.

Back 40

combustion

Front 41

Sodium hypochlorite has what effect on the pH of water?

Back 41

raise

Front 42

Multi-barrier treatment consists of______.

Back 42

removal and inactivation

Front 43

The process of bringing water and air into close contact in order to remove dissolved gases and to oxidize dissoved metals.

Back 43

Aeration (aka Air Stripping)

Front 44

Aeration is effective in removing (air stripping) the following:

Back 44

Carbon dioxide

Hydrogen sulfide

Methane "swamp gas"

Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

radon

Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs)

Various tastes and odors

Front 45

Types of aerators

Back 45

water into air

air into water

combination

Front 46

The optimal fluoride feed rate for water systems that fluoridate drinking water is based on_________.

Back 46

annual average of maximum daily air temperatures.

Front 47

Fluoridation chemicals

Back 47

Sodium Fluoride (NaF)

Sodium silicofluoride (Na2SiF8)

Hydrofluosilicic acid (H2SiF8)

Front 48

Aesthetic problems of Fe & Mn

Back 48

discolor water from turbid yellow to black. Can stain porcelain fixtures and discolor laundry

Front 49

Operational problems of Fe & Mn

Back 49

They can oxidize (separate) from water causing rusty water.

Can create bacterial slimes

Front 50

Treatment of Fe & Mn

Back 50

1. precipitation and filtration

2. detention

3. sequestration

Front 51

An aquifer is

Back 51

an underground layer of porous, water bearing material.

Front 52

Another name for bleach related to disinfection is

Back 52

sodium hypochlorite

Front 53

Ground water is __________ to clean up pollutants than surface water.

Back 53

harder

Front 54

The main operating unit in a centrifugal pump is

Back 54

impeller

Front 55

A pitless adaptor refers to

Back 55

an attachment to the well casing to provide a sanitary seal between the well casing and the effluent line.

Front 56

The maximum height that a single centrifugal pump can theoretically push water is

Back 56

33.9 feet

Front 57

Subsidence as it related to groundwater is defined as

Back 57

the sinking of land resulting from groundwater extraction

Front 58

Why do we monitor for nitrates

Back 58

methelomoglobinemia (blue baby syndrome)

Front 59

The principal scale forming substance in water is

Back 59

calcium carbonate

Front 60

MCL is an acronym for

Back 60

Maximum Contaminant Level

Front 61

Lead and copper samples should be

Back 61

taken at the customer's tap

Front 62

a pH value of _____ is considered neutral.

Back 62

7

Front 63

Hydrogen sulfide smells like

Back 63

rotten eggs

Front 64

A disease causing organism is called

Back 64

a pathogen

Front 65

To effectively flush distribution system lines a minimum velocity of ________ should be achieved.

Back 65

2.5 fps

Front 66

A physical link between a potable water supply and one of unknown or questionable quality is

Back 66

cross connection

Front 67

What is a DPD test used for?

Back 67

chlorine analysis

Front 68

Chemical reactions take place more rapidly in _________ water.

Back 68

warmer

Front 69

Calcium hypochlorite does not come in which form?

Back 69

gas

Front 70

Coliforms are

Back 70

indicator organisms

Front 71

MCLG is an acronym for

Back 71

Maximum Contaminate Level Goal

Front 72

The most important duty of a water treatment operator is

Back 72

protect the public health

Front 73

A centrifugal pump can be started against a closed valve without damaging the pump.

Back 73

true

Front 74

A water system that uses chlorine as a disinfectant but fails to flush their distribution system will cause the chlorine demand to

Back 74

increase

Front 75

Unidirectional flushing of distribution systems require that which of these conditions to occur?

Back 75

1. Velocities at a minimum of 2.5 ft/per second

2. begin and the source and work out toward the far reaches of the system

3. continue at each flushing site until maximum disinfection level is achieved

Front 76

What is sodium thiosulfate?

Back 76

a dechlorinating agent

Front 77

Which is a viable treatment technique for removing hydrogen sulfide?

Back 77

aeration

Front 78

Which device provides protection against both backsiphonage and backflow?

Back 78

reduced pressure zone assembly

Front 79

Chlorine disinfection potential is greater in______ water and chlorine residual in more persistent in _______ water.

Back 79

warmer, colder

Front 80

It is important that bacti samples be

Back 80

representative of the system

Front 81

How many hours does the lab have to analyze your bacti samples?

Back 81

30

Front 82

Greensand filtration proceeded by potassium permanganate is an effective removal technique for

Back 82

iron

Front 83

The intention of adding fluoride to our drinking water is to

Back 83

build strong bones & teeth in children

Front 84

A fire hydrant should not be installed on a line less than _____ inches in diameter.

Back 84

6

Front 85

The minimum allowable chlorine residual in any part of a distribution system is

Back 85

0.2 ppm

Front 86

What device is used to check the flow to water consumers in your area?

Back 86

pressure reducing valves

Front 87

For a successful cross connection program to be instituted the first entity developed should be

Back 87

an ordinance

Front 88

The primary purpose of disinfection drinking wter is to

Back 88

inactivate or kill pathogens

Front 89

When a compliance bacti sample is found to be positive for total coliform, resampling must take place. The regulatory designated locations are as follows:

Back 89

the original location and one sample each within five service sites upstream and downstream

Front 90

The number of baceriological samples that each public water system must collect each month is determined by

Back 90

the number of people served by the system

Front 91

Check samples must be collected within _____ hours after the original sample is found to be positive for total coliforms.

Back 91

24

Front 92

If using ion exchange as a softening process an adequate supply of ________ is necesary to successfully remove the hardness.

Back 92

sodium brine solution

Front 93

The corrosion inhibitor used most often in the water business is

Back 93

paint

Front 94

Chlorine gas is ________ than air.

Back 94

2.5 times heavier

Front 95

The MCL for iron is

Back 95

0.30 mg/l

Front 96

Primary MCL's related to ________ issues.

Back 96

health

Front 97

Valves on main lines should be opened and closed

Back 97

slowly

Front 98

The minimum residual pressure allowable in a distribution system without public notification is

Back 98

20 psi

Front 99

Dissimilar metals reacting to one another in an aqueous solution is called

Back 99

galvanic corrosion

Front 100

Volatile organic chemicals or compounds can usually be successfully removed by

Back 100

aeration

Front 101

Disinfection is more effectively achieved with

Back 101

low pH

Front 102

Corrosion can be made more aggressive by

Back 102

1. soft water

2. high levels of dissolved oxygen

3. low pH

Front 103

The main operating unit in a centrifugal pump is

Back 103

an impeller

Front 104

The principle scale forming substance in water is

Back 104

calcium carbonate

Front 105

A radioactive gas that can sometimes be found in groundwater is

Back 105

radon

Front 106

Relative to an MCL, manganese

Back 106

has secondary MCL

Front 107

Vent openings in storage facilities must be

Back 107

screened

Front 108

It is possible to have more than one well drawing from a single aquifer

Back 108

true

Front 109

A gate valve in a distribution system should be used primarily for

Back 109

isolation

Front 110

The two general types of backflow are

Back 110

backpressure and backsiphonage

Front 111

Disinfection by products are formed when chlorine reacts with

Back 111

organics

Front 112

The amount of water needed for a bacti sample is

Back 112

100 ml

Front 113

BARF is an acronym for

Back 113

Barium Analytical Revised Format

Front 114

What does a wellhead and a baby seal have in common

Back 114

they both need a sanitary seal

Front 115

Factors that have an impact on disinfection include

Back 115

1. temperature

2. pH

3. contact time

Front 116

The largest percentage of waterborne disease outbreaks have been attributed to

Back 116

backflow

Front 117

The purpose of stabilization is ________.

Back 117

to prevent corrosion or excessive scale from entering the distribution system.

Front 118

Core sampling is a viable way to check the condition of your _________.

Back 118

filters.

Front 119

The best cross connection device is _________.

Back 119

air gap

Front 120

________ ________ are used to cause particles to become destabilized and begin to clump together.

Back 120

primary coagulants

Front 121

The hydrologic cycle relates to _____________.

Back 121

movement of water in the environment.

Front 122

_________ has been implicated in more waterborne disease outbreaks than any other factor.

Back 122

backflow

Front 123

This device is approved to protect against backflow and backsiphonage in high hazard applications.

Back 123

reduced pressure zone assembly

Front 124

One method of determining if your finished water has the likelihood to be corrosive is _____________.

Back 124

Langeliers Saturation Index.

Front 125

A sanitary survey is used to determine _______.

Back 125

source water characteristics and effectiveness of treatment.

Front 126

In solid contact units, the three main operational fundamentals are __________.

Back 126

chemical dosage, recirculation rate, & sludge control.

Front 127

Particle counters can be used in place of ______ in the treatment process to obtain better control.

Back 127

turbidimeters

Front 128

In their soluble or reduced state, iron and manganese are ________.

Back 128

colorless

Front 129

_________ corrosion is the corrosivity of dissimilar metals.

Back 129

galvanic

Front 130

The two types of backflow are

Back 130

backsiphonage and backpresure

Front 131

When chlorine is used as a disinfectant in water there reaches a point when the amount of chlorine added is reflected identically with the amount of free residual measured on your DPD ________.

Back 131

breakpoint

Front 132

pH, by definition is _________.

Back 132

the hydrogen ion concentration in water

Front 133

__________ does not have a primary MCL.

Back 133

manganese

Front 134

During the coagulation/flocculation process, particulate impurities can be divided into two classifications.

Back 134

settleable and nonsetteable solids

Front 135

__________ polymers are positively charged.

Back 135

cationic

Front 136

Generally, the more uniform the media, the _______ the rate of headloss.

Back 136

slower

Front 137

In conventional rectangular sedimentation basins, 50% of the sludge should settle out in the _______ ______ of the basin.

Back 137

first third

Front 138

The Langeliers Saturation Index provides an indication of __________.

Back 138

the likelihood that your source water is corrosive.

Front 139

The most common operational complaint received by a water operator is ____________.

Back 139

taste and odor

Front 140

The Van der Waals principle refers to ______.

Back 140

oppositely charged particles attract

Front 141

Coupon testing is a viable indicator of __________.

Back 141

the corrosive or scale forming tendencies of your water.

Front 142

Starting with coagulation, list the time necessary to perform the coagulation, flocculation, and settling processes in treatment.

Back 142

seconds, minutes, hours

Front 143

Overdosing of potassium permanganate will likely cause ______.

Back 143

taste and odor

Front 144

Which of the following is most likely to be used as a primary coagulant?

Back 144

ferric sulfate

Front 145

Desirable media characteristics include __________.

Back 145

hard and durable

Front 146

The two types of removable mechanisms for gravity filters are ______________.

Back 146

mechanical and adsorption

Front 147

Heterotrophic Plate Counts measure ___________.

Back 147

all bacteria in the sample.

Front 148

Combined filter effluent must be less than ______ NTU in 95% of all measurements (collected every four hours) for each month.

Back 148

3.0 NTU

Front 149

Total coliform samples have a _______ hold time.

Back 149

30 hour

Front 151

Extremely soft water can cause problems with pipes and fittings because it is _________.

Back 151

corrosive

Front 152

Fluoride is added to water to __________.

Back 152

aid in the development of teeth and bones.

Front 153

An atmospheric vacuum breaker backflow prevention device protects against ____________.

Back 153

backsiphonage

Front 154

The best pH level for coagulation usually falls in the range of ______.

Back 154

5-7

Front 155

Which, surface or ground water, usually contain a higher level of pathogens?

Back 155

surface water

Front 156

High nitrate levels in the water can cause _____________.

Back 156

blue baby syndrome

Front 157

The mixing of coagulant chemicals and raw water is called _________.

Back 157

flash mixing

Front 158

Sedimentation basins have _________ zones.

Back 158

four

Front 159

An approved air gap separation must be ________.

Back 159

2 1/2 times the inside diameter or a minimum of 1 inch

Front 160

Cathodic protection refers to _________.

Back 160

corrosion

Front 161

The two main substances that cause water hardness are _____________.

Back 161

magnesium and calcium

Front 162

A jumbled mass or collection of floc, solids, and filter media that could grow into a larger mass and reduce filter efficiency is ___________.

Back 162

a mudball

Front 163

The two main softening methods used by treatment facilities are ________ and ________.

Back 163

ion-exchange and lime-soda ash

Front 164

The effective way to combat taste and odor problems is ___________.

Back 164

prevent them from occuring

Front 165

What disinfection method provides a residual safeguard?

Back 165

ultraviolet radiation

Front 166

Turbidity is used as a process control measurement because __________.

Back 166

the number of pathogens increases as turbidity increases.

Front 167

True or false, solids contact units (clarifiers) generally demand a higher level of operator knowledge and skill than conventional treatment techniques and processes?

Back 167

True

Front 168

Sources of taste and odor issues include ___________.

Back 168

raw water, distribution systems, and consumer plumbing

Front 169

Most water treatment facilities will run more effectively if __________.

Back 169

it runs 24 hours a day.

Front 170

What is the most effective disinfectant when chlorine is added to water?

Back 170

hypochlrous acid

Front 171

Toxic substances occurring because of corrosion is _____ a problem caused by hard water.

Back 171

not

Front 172

Filtration actually ___________ particulates.

Back 172

stores

Front 173

Double check valve backflow prevention assemblies are approved for high hazard applications?

Back 173

false

Front 174

Algae has a profound effect on our surface waters. During the day algae __________ _________ and at night it __________ _________.

Back 174

produces oxygen, produces carbon dioxide

Front 175

Iron and manganese removal can be accomplished by ___________.

Back 175

1. oxidation with chlorines followed by filtration

2. Oxidation by aeration followed by filtration

3. oxidation by potassium permanganate followed by filtration

Front 176

When chlorine reacts with organics in the water it has the tendency to produce __________.

Back 176

trialomethanes and haloacetic acids

Front 177

Short circuiting refers to _____________.

Back 177

uneven flows which result in decreased treatment efficiency.

Front 178

________ is a concentrated accumulation of chemicals and contaminates and pollutants that we attempt to remove from raw water.

Back 178

sludge

Front 179

The minimum number of bacteriological samples that any system can submit per month is

Back 179

2