Water Soluble Vitamins

Front 1

What is the scientific name of vitamin B1?

Back 1

Thiamine

Front 2

What is the biologically active form of vitamin B1 and what does it do?

Back 2

Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), it assists in the cleavage of bonds adjacent to a carbonyl group, such as the decarboxylation of α-keto acids and in the transfer of active acetylaldehyde groups between carbon atoms.

Front 3

Which enzymes are TPP-dependent?

Back 3

α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
pyruvate dehydrogenase
pyruvate decarboxylase
transketolase

Front 4

What does dietary deficiency of vitamin B1 lead to and how are vitamin B1 deficiencies in general?

Back 4

Beri-beri; they are mostly neurological in nature

Front 5

What is an electron sink?

Back 5

A place for the e- to hide until they encounter their desired partner.

Front 6

What is the common name for vitamin B2?

Back 6

Riboflavin

Front 7

Riboflavin is otherwise known as ?.

Back 7

Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)

Front 8

Transfer of an adenosine monophosphate to FMN yields ?.

Back 8

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

Front 9

What are the biologically active forms of Vitamin B2?

Back 9

flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

Front 10

Why are the flavins more versatile?

Back 10

Because they can accept either one or two electrons.

Front 11

In what do flavins participate in?

Back 11

Electron transfer

Front 12

In what biological process do flavins participate?

Back 12

They serve as electron carriers in oxidative phosphorylation.

Front 13

List the water-soluble vitamins.

Back 13

-Thiamine (b1)
-Riboflavin (B2)
-Niacin
-Biotin
-Cobalamin (B12)
-Pyridoxine (B6)
-Ascorbic Acid

Front 14

What are the biologically active forms of niacin?

Back 14

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+)

Front 15

How many electrons do NAD+ and NADP+ accept?

Back 15

2 e-

Front 16

NAD+ is the prevalent oxidation state in what type of reactions?

Back 16

Oxidation reactions usually assoicated with catabolic processes.

Front 17

NADPH is the prevalent oxidation state in what type of reactions?

Back 17

NADPH is the major oxidation state in anabolic reactions.

Front 18

What is pellagra?

Back 18

(dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia) caused by Niacin deficiency

Front 19

Dehydrogenases use a conserved structural motif called the ? to bind NAD or NADP.

Back 19

Rossman fold

Front 20

What is the function of biotin?

Back 20

Biotin in a coenzyme in carboxylation reactions, where it serves as a carriers of active CO2.

Front 21

What is the scientific name of vitamin B12

Back 21

Cobalamin

Front 22

What is cobalamin's function?

Back 22

Cobalamin is typically the cofactor in enzymes where a substituted alkyl group is exchanged for hydrogen on an adjacent carbon without water accessing the hydrogen atom.

Front 23

Which two enzymes require cobalamin as a cofactor?

Back 23

methylmalonyl-CoA mutase
methionine synthase

Front 24

What is required for B12 absorption through the small intestine?

Back 24

A glycoprotein called "intrinsic factor"

Front 25

Failure to produce "intrinsic factor" results in what condition?

Back 25

Pernicious anemia which results in reduced production of erythrocytes, reduced levels of hemoglobin, and severe, progressive impairment of the CNS.

Front 26

What is the common name for Pyridoxine?

Back 26

Vitamin B6

Front 27

What is the active form of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) and what is it used for?

Back 27

Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) is used by all aminotransferases as a prosthetic group in their reactions.

Front 28

What type of kinetics do aminotransferases exhibit? Describe.

Back 28

These enzymes exhibit ping-pong kinetics in which one substrate binds and departs, allowing the second substrate to bind and depart as the final product.

Front 29

Elevated levels of what enzyme is indicative of a heart attack?

Back 29

Eleveated levels aminotransferases are indicative of this condition.

Front 30

What is the active form of Vitamim C?

Back 30

Ascorbate

Front 31

What is the function of ascorbate?

Back 31

This vitamin is an antioxidant that keeps the non-heme iron of prolyl-4-hydroxylase in its reduced form.

Front 32

What may happen without vitamin C?

Back 32

Without this vitamin, the non-heme iron of prolyl-4 hydroxylase remains oxidized and proline hydroxylation is abolished, leading to collagen instability and connective tissue problems typical of scurvy.