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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is isothermal water?
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When water reaches the temperature of 4C and the thermal circulation stops
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Is ice formed from top down, or bottom up?
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Bottom up.
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What percentage is ice less dense than water?
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9%
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What is frazil ice?
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Ice that forms in disk-shaped crystals, forming a thin film that floats on the water surface. Frazil ice forms in turbulent water, such as rivers, where the current mixes the water to a uniform temperature more quickly.
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What is Clear Ice?
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New ice formed by long, hard freeze in a transparent fashion. This type of ice is generally the strongest.
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What is Snow Ice/Layered Ice?
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Snow is opaque, or milky, formed when water-saturated snow freezes on the ice sheet. This ice is porous and has low density and, therefore, is very weak.
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What is Candled Ice?
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Milky, whitish gray ice that indicates deteriorated clear ice. The structure breaks down along its crystalline borders as it melts. This ice can still be thick, but unable to support weight.
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What is Pack Ice?
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Chunks of Ice that typically forms up along a river. Can be extremely destructive.
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What is Anchor Ice?
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Anchor ice forms on solid objects, such as rocks, that are submerged in the water. Cold water on river bottoms may form anchor ice and then release it when the sun warms the bottom.
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What is Border Ice?
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Border ice forms on the shallow water along the shoreline, creating a long border. The shallow water freezes first, while the deeper water is still in the vertical circulation phase.
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What is a Thermal Crack?
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A crack caused by expansion or contraction of an ice sheet due to a temperature fluctuation. (avoid cracks that meet at a 90 angle)
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What are Pressure Ridge/Keels?
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A line or wall of broken ice caused by forces that push the ice up or down into the water.
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What are some contributing factors of ice strength?
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Ice Thickness (most recognized factor), Wind, Water, Snow, Slush, Air Temp, Water Depth/Size, Currents, Chemistry, Water level, Obstructions, Springs/Tributaties, Waterfowl/game
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By what percentage is river is weaker than lake ice?
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15% weaker than lake ice
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What is Brackish Ice?
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Ice formed from a mix of salt water and fresh water. Considered 50% weaker than lake ice.
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How many people can 2" thick ice hold?
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1 person (5" for snowmobile, 8" for car, 12" for light truck).
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During ice rescue, what are the 3 overall goals when evaluating the patient’s condition?
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Patient’s ability to respond, Other possible injuries, Prevention of further harm
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At what body temperature is hypothermia defined?
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Less than 35 degrees C
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What part of the brain monitors body temp?
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hypothalamus
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What are the three causes of hypothermia?
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Decreased heat production, Increased heat loss (most common cause), A combination of both
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Heat loss occurs in what 4 fundamental ways?
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Conduction, Convection, Radiation, Evaporation
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What are the two types of hypothermia?
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Acute (sudden onset), Sub-acute (extended period of exposure to the elements)
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What are the 3 stages of hypothermia?
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Stage 1 or mild hypothermia, Stage 2 or moderate hypothermia, Stage 3 or severe Hypothermia
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Describe Stage 1 or mild hypothermia.
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The patient is conscious and can move his body. The body responds in this stage by increasing heat production by through shivering.
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Describe Stage 2 or moderate hypothermia.
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All vital signs are below normal. Shivering stops and the body begins to lose its ability to produce heat
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Describe Stage 3 or severe Hypothermia.
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Precedes death. The patient in this stage has lost his ability to move may have fixed and dilated pupils. Pulse may be imperceptible and respiration may be minimal.
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The firefighter should help the patient maintain his temperature by: (4)
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Always handle the patient gently, Remove wet clothing, Dry the patient promptly, Wrap with insulating materials
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What are some things never to do when treating a hypothermic patient?
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Never rub or message the extremities, Never give alcohol, Never apply ice, Never apply external heat sources directly to the skin, Never allow smoking
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What is the Mammalian Diving Reflex?
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It is an involuntary response which occurs when skin sensors on the forehead and upper nasal areas come in contact with cold water. Blood is shunted away from the extremities and into the heart, lungs, and brain. The heart rate slows drastically, and breathing stops.
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What are some potential survivability factors or cold water near drownings?
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Patient's age, Submersion time (less than 1 hour is most favorable), Water temp, Patient's struggle, Cleanliness of water
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What are the four major categories of operational plans during static ice rescue?
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Go (RDC - Rapid Deployment Craft), Self-Rescue, Reach, Throw
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How long is the rope in the throw bag?
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15m
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How long is the rope in the haul bag?
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100m
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Describe the Mustang Ice Commander Suit.
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Two piece construction with a welded nylon outer shell and inner liner constructed of closed-cell AirSoft foam for maximum flotation and thermal insulation. Liner can be unsnapped and removed
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|
What is isothermal water?
|
When water reaches the temperature of 4C and the thermal circulation stops
|
|
|
Is ice formed from top down, or bottom up?
|
Bottom up.
|
|
|
What percentage is ice less dense than water?
|
9%
|
|
|
What is frazil ice?
|
Ice that forms in disk-shaped crystals, forming a thin film that floats on the water surface. Frazil ice forms in turbulent water, such as rivers, where the current mixes the water to a uniform temperature more quickly.
|
|
|
What is Clear Ice?
|
New ice formed by long, hard freeze in a transparent fashion. This type of ice is generally the strongest.
|
|
|
What is Snow Ice/Layered Ice?
|
Snow is opaque, or milky, formed when water-saturated snow freezes on the ice sheet. This ice is porous and has low density and, therefore, is very weak.
|
|
|
What is Candled Ice?
|
Milky, whitish gray ice that indicates deteriorated clear ice. The structure breaks down along its crystalline borders as it melts. This ice can still be thick, but unable to support weight.
|
|
|
What is Pack Ice?
|
Chunks of Ice that typically forms up along a river. Can be extremely destructive.
|
|
|
What is Anchor Ice?
|
Anchor ice forms on solid objects, such as rocks, that are submerged in the water. Cold water on river bottoms may form anchor ice and then release it when the sun warms the bottom.
|
|
|
What is Border Ice?
|
Border ice forms on the shallow water along the shoreline, creating a long border. The shallow water freezes first, while the deeper water is still in the vertical circulation phase.
|
|
|
What is a Thermal Crack?
|
A crack caused by expansion or contraction of an ice sheet due to a temperature fluctuation. (avoid cracks that meet at a 90 angle)
|
|
|
What are Pressure Ridge/Keels?
|
A line or wall of broken ice caused by forces that push the ice up or down into the water.
|
|
|
What are some contributing factors of ice strength?
|
Ice Thickness (most recognized factor), Wind, Water, Snow, Slush, Air Temp, Water Depth/Size, Currents, Chemistry, Water level, Obstructions, Springs/Tributaties, Waterfowl/game
|
|
|
By what percentage is river is weaker than lake ice?
|
15% weaker than lake ice
|
|
|
What is Brackish Ice?
|
Ice formed from a mix of salt water and fresh water. Considered 50% weaker than lake ice.
|
|
|
How many people can 2" thick ice hold?
|
1 person (5" for snowmobile, 8" for car, 12" for light truck).
|
|
|
During ice rescue, what are the 3 overall goals when evaluating the patient’s condition?
|
Patient’s ability to respond, Other possible injuries, Prevention of further harm
|
|
|
At what body temperature is hypothermia defined?
|
Less than 35 degrees C
|
|
|
What part of the brain monitors body temp?
|
hypothalamus
|
|
|
What are the three causes of hypothermia?
|
Decreased heat production, Increased heat loss (most common cause), A combination of both
|
|
|
Heat loss occurs in what 4 fundamental ways?
|
Conduction, Convection, Radiation, Evaporation
|
|
|
What are the two types of hypothermia?
|
Acute (sudden onset), Sub-acute (extended period of exposure to the elements)
|
|
|
What are the 3 stages of hypothermia?
|
Stage 1 or mild hypothermia, Stage 2 or moderate hypothermia, Stage 3 or severe Hypothermia
|
|
|
Describe Stage 1 or mild hypothermia.
|
The patient is conscious and can move his body. The body responds in this stage by increasing heat production by through shivering.
|
|
|
Describe Stage 2 or moderate hypothermia.
|
All vital signs are below normal. Shivering stops and the body begins to lose its ability to produce heat
|
|
|
Describe Stage 3 or severe Hypothermia.
|
Precedes death. The patient in this stage has lost his ability to move may have fixed and dilated pupils. Pulse may be imperceptible and respiration may be minimal.
|
|
|
The firefighter should help the patient maintain his temperature by: (4)
|
Always handle the patient gently, Remove wet clothing, Dry the patient promptly, Wrap with insulating materials
|
|
|
What are some things never to do when treating a hypothermic patient?
|
Never rub or message the extremities, Never give alcohol, Never apply ice, Never apply external heat sources directly to the skin, Never allow smoking
|
|
|
What is the Mammalian Diving Reflex?
|
It is an involuntary response which occurs when skin sensors on the forehead and upper nasal areas come in contact with cold water. Blood is shunted away from the extremities and into the heart, lungs, and brain. The heart rate slows drastically, and breathing stops.
|
|
|
What are some potential survivability factors or cold water near drownings?
|
Patient's age, Submersion time (less than 1 hour is most favorable), Water temp, Patient's struggle, Cleanliness of water
|
|
|
What are the four major categories of operational plans during static ice rescue?
|
Go (RDC - Rapid Deployment Craft), Self-Rescue, Reach, Throw
|
|
|
How long is the rope in the throw bag?
|
15m
|
|
|
How long is the rope in the haul bag?
|
100m
|
|
|
Describe the Mustang Ice Commander Suit.
|
Two piece construction with a welded nylon outer shell and inner liner constructed of closed-cell AirSoft foam for maximum flotation and thermal insulation. Liner can be unsnapped and removed
|
