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190 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the number of wineries in washington has increase _____ percent in the last decade
|
400%
|
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washington is on the same latitude as __________
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burgundy, france and bordeaux, france
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washington's latitude
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46 degrees N
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how many AVAs
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9
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how many AVAs share territory with oregon?
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3
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how many acres planted?
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30,000 +
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Vineyards on the _______________grow 99% of Washington's wine grapes.
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east side of the Cascades
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Washington’s first wine grapes were planted in______
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1825
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Initially, it was ____________________________ who pioneered the earliest plantings.
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French, German and Italian immigrants
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The first commercial-scale plantings began in the
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1960s
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yakima valley established in
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1983
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yakima valley has ____ acres in production
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11,000
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columbia valley established in
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1984
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columbia valley has ____acres in production
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16,600
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Founded in _____, Chateau Ste. Michelle is the oldest winery in Washington with some of the most mature vineyards in the Columbia Valley.
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1934
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Columbia Valley AVA which encompasses the following smaller AVAs:
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* Yakima Valley AVA
* Red Mountain AVA * Walla Walla Valley AVA * Horse Heaven Hills AVA * Wahluke Slope AVA * Rattlesnake Hills AVA |
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name all washington AVAs
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* Columbia Valley AVA
o Yakima Valley AVA o Red Mountain AVA o Walla Walla Valley AVA o Horse Heaven Hills AVA o Wahluke Slope AVA o Rattlesnake Hills AVA * Columbia Gorge AVA * Puget Sound AVA |
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The Columbia Valley AVA, known for its structured Cabernets and jammy Merlots, comprises ____ of Washington State’s wine industry.
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90%
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The Columbia Valley AVA, known for its __________________, comprises 90% of Washington State’s wine industry.
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structured Cabernets and jammy Merlots
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vines are primarily grown on their own root stocks
true/false |
true
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what grapes does washington focus on?
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Chardonnay, Riesling, Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah
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grapes are washingtons ____ largest fruit crop
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fourth
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washington is now the nation's ________largest wine producer
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second
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Washington produces more than____ wine grape varieties
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20
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what is the ratio of white grapes and white grapes planted in washington
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a ratio of 56 percent white to 44 percent red.
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Washington's first wine grapes were planted at _________ by the Hudson's Bay Company
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Fort Vancouver
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Washington's first wine grapes were planted at Fort Vancouver by the _____________
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Hudson's Bay Company
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Hybrid varieties arrived in nurseries in the Puget Sound region as early as ____
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1854
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by _____wine grapes were planted in the Walla Walla Valley.
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1860
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Large-scale irrigation, fueled by runoff from the melting snowcaps of the Cascade Mountains, began in eastern Washington in ____
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1903
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Large-scale irrigation, fueled by runoff from the melting snowcaps of the Cascade Mountains did what
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unlocked the dormant potential of the rich volcanic soils and sunny, arid climate.
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By_____there were 42 wineries located throughout the state.
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1938
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a new winery opens nearly every_____ in washington
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15 days
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The trend for quality wine production started by a few home winemakers and visionary farmers has become a respected and influential ________
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$3 billion plus industry.
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Washington wine is available in ___states and more than ___countries globally.
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50/40
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Washington Wine Commission is what
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a unified marketing and trade association
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washington wine commission was established in
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1987
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spearheaded development of industry standards in winemaking and labeling.
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Washington Wine Quality Alliance (WWQA)
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Washington Wine Quality Alliance (WWQA)established in
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1999
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Washington is the first state in the U.S. to define standards for
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"reserve" wines
|
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120,000 tons harvested
what year |
2006
|
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growing season started with a mild spring, which was followed by a dry, hot summer.
what year |
2006
|
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contributed to excellent acid levels in the grapes, balanced canopies and small berries
what year |
2006
|
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56% of the grapes harvested were white and 44% were red.
what year |
2006
|
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116,760 tons harvested
what year |
2005
|
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Warm summer months, cool autumn temperatures and a mild winter yielded a record wine grape harvest
what year |
2005
|
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Moderate winter temperatures and a warm, long-lasting summer led to prolonged hang-time which resulted in deep, concentrated flavors.
|
2005
|
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Red and white production maintained an equal 50/50 ratio
what year |
2005
|
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winemakers statewide reported small grape clusters with intense color, balance and ripe flavors
what year |
2005
|
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100,500 Tons Harvested
what year |
2004
|
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A hot growing season followed by a cool fall created a longer harvest, resulting in Washington wines with full, rich flavors.
what year |
2004
|
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Despite winter damage to vines in certain areas across the state, the overall size of 2004 crop estimates were offset by an increase in bearing vineyard acres coming into production
what year |
2004
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Winemakers across the state reported small berry size with concentrated, quality fruit
what year |
2004
|
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Harvest began in some areas unusually early in August as a result of the warm growing season and early maturing fruit. The cool fall extended hang time with final berries picked in early November.
what year |
2004
|
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108,500 Tons Harvested
what year |
2003
|
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Washington winemakers and wine grape growers felt the_______vintage was among the best in history, particularly for red wine varieties.
|
2003
|
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Hot weather hit late in the growing season, nudging the fruit to reach flavor and structural ripeness. Grape harvest began on September 2 in the state's warmest sites - Red Mountain and the Walla Walla Valley.
|
2003
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in 2003, Hot weather hit late in the growing season, nudging the fruit to reach flavor and structural ripeness. Grape harvest began on ________in the state's warmest sites - Red Mountain and the Walla Walla Valley.
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September 2
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Cool weather moved in on September 10th, allowing extra hang time and flavor development, which extended harvest through late October.
|
2003
|
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In 2003, Cool weather moved in on __________, allowing extra hang time and flavor development, which extended harvest through late October.
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September 10th
|
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109,750 Tons Harvested
what year |
2002
|
|
Lower yields per acre resulted in richer fruit flavors. The growing season began cool, then warm temperatures (mid to high 90s) put the crop ahead of schedule in some areas. Harvest began as early as September 9th, but as cool weather hit in late September, activity slowed down. Winemakers welcomed cool temperatures, allowing fruit to mature and intensify flavors. The majority of the state’s wine grapes were harvested by mid-October.
what year |
2002
|
|
in 2002, Harvest began as early as _________, but as cool weather hit in late September, activity slowed down.
|
september 9th
|
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100,000 Tons Harvested
what year |
2001
|
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______particularly stood out in the superior 2001 vintage.
what grape |
syrah
|
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Temperatures during the_____ growing season reached much warmer highs, which resulted in riper fruit.
what year |
2001
|
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Temperatures moved forward harvest start dates by about 10 days earlier than average (September 1, 2001 the first grapes were picked near Benton City, on Red Mountain).
what year |
2001
|
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September 1, 2001 the first grapes were picked near
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Benton City, on Red Mountain
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Winemakers described white wine varieties as outstanding with lots of floral and fruit characteristics
what year |
2001
|
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Additionally, red grape varieties had softer tannins and bigger, more dominant flavors making them more approachable than in years past.
what year |
2001
|
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84,500 Tons Harvested
what year |
2000
|
|
With seasonal and regional variations, this year was anything but typical. Hang time was ideal, allowing grape flavor maturity to catch up with the sugar accumulation. The result is an unprecedented quantity of dark, concentrated red wines and fresh, balanced whites.
what year |
2000
|
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This was the first year that more red varieties were harvested in Washington than white.
what year |
2000
|
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65,000 Tons Harvested
|
1999
|
|
Extended hang time during a very warm and dry September allowed for a crop with perfectly balanced levels of natural acid and rich, ripe flavors. Overall yield was down due to thinning of vines during the long, cool summer.
what year |
1999
|
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71,000 Tons Harvested
what year |
1998
|
|
Early predictions peg this as the year when Washington State vineyards hit the top of the charts for both size and quality. Full, even ripening yielded balanced sugars and acids, while increased acreage augmented the total harvest.
|
1998
|
|
62,000 Tons Harvested
what year |
1997
|
|
Growers were delighted with this year's rebound. This vintage yielded almost twice the fruit as the previous harvest. Mild temperatures created even ripening.
what year |
1997
|
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34,000 Tons Harvested
what year |
1996
|
|
An unusually harsh winter severely reduced the crop. Red varieties were affected most, but a mild spring and a hot summer nurtured good quality grapes.
what year |
1996
|
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62,000 Tons Harvested
what year |
1995
|
|
Moderate weather extended the growing season and resulted in an optimal harvest of excellent quality.
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1995
|
|
44,000 Tons Harvested
|
1994
|
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A cool spring followed by a hot mid-summer led to an early harvest and lower crop levels than the previous year. Winemakers were enthusiastic about the quality of both red and white wines because of the concentrated flavors and intense varietal character of the fruit.
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1994
|
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62,000 Tons Harvested
|
1993
|
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A warm finish to an unusually cool summer pushed the fruit to full ripeness. Mild winters the previous years and the maturing of several new vineyards combined to yield a record crop. Winemakers were excited most about white varieties, comparing them to the benchmark quality of 1983 and 1989.
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1993
|
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50,000 Tons Harvested
|
1992
|
|
The crop averaged just over 4 tons per acre and the grapes hung heavy and ripe in the early fall. Excellent color and low to moderate tannins were courtesy of a gentle winter, mild spring and very warm summer.
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1992
|
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26,000 Tons Harvested
|
1991
|
|
Severe winter storms gave way to a cool, wet spring, a dry summer and a warm harvest season. The result was dramatically reduced vineyard yields, and one of the state's best years for white wines with solid acid levels and full flavors.
|
1991
|
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38,000 Tons Harvested
|
1990
|
|
Red wines proved especially fine after a growing season vineyard managers dream of: bud break in mid-April, bloom the second week in June and harvest the first week of September.
|
1990
|
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43,000 Tons Harvested
|
1989
|
|
Critics called this Washington's best vintage of the 1980s, especially for reds. A winter freeze thinned vines a bit, reducing the size and number of grape clusters. The moderate growing season allowed slow and complete ripening of the fruit.
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1989
|
|
A winter freeze thinned vines a bit, reducing the size and number of grape clusters. The moderate growing season allowed slow and complete ripening of the fruit.
|
1989
|
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46,000 Tons Harvested
|
1988
|
|
Consistently warm days followed a gentle, dry winter brought crop levels up and produced well-balanced sugars and acids. Red wines were particularly rich and supple.
|
1988
|
|
46,000 Tons Harvested
|
1987
|
|
A warmer than average growing season produced outstanding wines, particularly noticeable in the top-quality reds. Wines were packed with bright fruit and supple tannins and continue to deliver on the promise of long-term aging potential.
|
1987
|
|
Washington State's first federally-recognized appellation; includes more than 40 wineries.
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yakima valley
|
|
Contains 11,000 vineyard acres (4,452 hectares), over one third of Washington's vineyards.
|
yakima valley
|
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Most widely planted grape is Chardonnay, followed by Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon.
what AVA |
yakima valley
|
|
Riesling and Syrah represent significant acreage, with Syrah in particular on the rise.
what AVA |
yakima valley
|
|
Silt-loam soils predominate.
what AVA |
yakima valley
|
|
190 day growing season with annual precipitation of approximately 8 inches (20 cm).
|
yakima valley
|
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established 1983
what AVA |
yakima valley
|
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65 wineries and more than 1,200 acres (486 hectares) of vineyards.
what AVA |
walla walla valley
|
|
established 1984
what AVA |
walla walla valley, columbia valley
|
|
Cabernet Sauvignon is the leading varietal while Merlot, Chardonnay and Syrah are other predominant varieties. Gewurztraminer, Cabernet Franc and Sangiovese are also grown.
what AVA |
walla walla valley
|
|
Loess derived soils which are essentially unconsolidated, unstratified calcareous silt.
what AVA |
walla walla valley
|
|
Growing season of 190 to 220 days, with annual rainfall averaging 12.5 inches (32 cm) per year.
what AVA |
walla walla valley
|
|
Washington's largest viticultural region, covering almost 11 million acres (4,451,700 hectares) which represents a full third of Washington State's land mass.
what AVA |
columbia valley
|
|
6,693 vineyard acres (2,709 hectares) of wine grapes are planted and approximately 100 wineries are encompassed within its borders.
|
columbia valley
|
|
Vineyards are planted on predominately south-facing slopes, increasing solar radiation in summer and promoting air drainage in winter.
|
columbia valley
|
|
Merlot is the most widely planted varietal, followed by Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay.
|
columbia valley
|
|
Riesling and Syrah are also grown in significant quantities.
|
columbia valley
|
|
Growing season of 180-200 days with annual rainfall averaging 6 to 8 inches (15-20 cm).
|
columbia valley
|
|
contains the American Viticultural Regions of Red Mountain, Yakima and Walla Walla Valleys, Wahluke Slope and Horse Heaven Hills within its borders.
|
columbia valley
|
|
established 1995
|
puget sound
|
|
More than 80 vineyard acres (32 hectares) of vinifera grapes planted.
|
puget sound
|
|
There are approximately 45 wineries located within
|
puget sound
|
|
The temperate climate rarely suffers from prolonged freezes in winter and enjoys long mild and dry summers.
|
puget sound
|
|
The core area of this appellation has a growing season that is drier and sunnier than many classic wine grape growing regions in Europe.
|
puget sound
|
|
Semi-permeable cemented subsoil allows the deep-rooted vinifera vines to survive the late summer soil water deficit.
|
puget sound
|
|
Precipitation averages 15 inches (38cm) to 30 inches per year, mostly falling in the winter dormant season, with a growing season of over 180 days.
|
puget sound
|
|
Madeleine Angevine, Siegerebbe and Muller-Thurgau are the predominant varietals.
|
puget sound
|
|
Pinot Gris and Pinot Noir also show promise in this appellation.
|
puget sound
|
|
established 2001
|
red mountain
|
|
Located at the east end of the Yakima Valley; includes more than 10 wineries.
|
red mountain
|
|
4,040 acres (1,635 hectares) situated between Benton City and Richland.
|
red mountain
|
|
Over 1000 vineyard acres (404 hectares) currently planted.
|
red mountain
|
|
Best known for producing red varietals, Red Mountain is widely planted to Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Syrah and Sangiovese.
|
red mountain
|
|
Good air, drainage and light soils encourage the vines to seek nutrients via deep roots.
|
red mountain
|
|
Irrigated vineyards allow growers to control vine vigor and ease vines into dormancy before winter.
|
red mountain
|
|
Growing season averages 180 days with rainfall from 6 to 8 inches (15-20 cm) annually.
|
red mountain
|
|
located within the larger Yakima Valley, at its easternmost tip.
|
red mountain
|
|
established 2004
|
columbia gorge
|
|
Includes areas in Washington State and Oregon with more than 20 wineries.
|
columbia gorge
|
|
Located in Southern Washington - total area is 4,432 acres (1,794 hectares) with approximately 300 vineyard acres.
|
columbia gorge
|
|
Primary grape varieties: Chardonnay, Gewurztraminer, Riesling and Pinot Gris.
|
columbia gorge
|
|
Moist, marine influences from the Columbia River meet dry air from eastern Washington, which allows constant airflow. Warm days and cool nights provide full, ripe flavor profiles and good acid levels.
|
columbia gorge
|
|
established in 2005
|
horse heaven hills
|
|
Naturally bounded on the north by the Yakima Valley appellation and on the south by the Columbia River.
|
horse heaven hills
|
|
Located in Southeast Washington - total area is 570,000 acres (230,679 hectares) of which about 6,040 acres (2,444 hectares) are planted to grapes.
|
horse heaven hills
|
|
Primary grape varieties: Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Riesling, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, and Syrah.
|
horse heaven hills
|
|
Proximity to the Columbia River and a distinctive topography benefit the area by moderating temperature extremes, providing steep, south-facing slopes for optimum vineyard locations and providing quick-draining, silty loam soils.
|
horse heaven hills
|
|
Elevations range from 1,800 feet at the area's northern boundary to 200 feet at its southern.
|
horse heaven hills
|
|
Outstanding sites that have been developed in this area include Canoe Ridge, Alder Ridge and Zephyr Ridge.
|
horse heaven hills
|
|
Growers have raised grapes in the Horse Heaven Hills region since
|
1972.
|
|
There are at least 20 vineyards and 4 commercial wineries within the region.
|
horse heaven hills
|
|
established in 2006
|
wahluke slope, rattlesnake hills
|
|
Naturally bounded by the Columbia River to the west and south, by the Saddle Mountains on the north, and on the east by the Hanford Reach National Monument.
|
wahluke slope
|
|
lies entirely within the established Columbia Valley appellation and is home to more than 20 vineyards and at least three wine production facilities.
|
wahluke slope
|
|
The 81,000 acre (32,780 hectares) region features approximately 5,200 acres (approximately 2,100 hectares) of vineyards: nearly twenty percent of the total wine grape acreage in the state.
|
wahluke slope
|
|
Top grape varieties: Merlot, Syrah, Cabernet Sauvignon, Riesling, Chardonnay, and Chenin Blanc.
|
wahluke slope
|
|
Wahluke Slope has one of the driest, warmest climates in the state, allowing nearly complete control of vine vigor and ripening through irrigation.
|
wahluke slope
|
|
Located approximately four miles southeast of Yakima, the 68,500 acre (27,721 hectares) appellation has 1,500 acres (607 hectares) under vines.
|
rattlesnake hills
|
|
With 17 wineries and 29 vineyards, it provides many Washington producers with Cabernet Sauvignon, Malbec, Merlot, Syrah, Chardonnay and Riesling.
|
rattlesnake hills
|
|
lies within both the established Columbia Valley and Yakima Valley appellations.
|
rattlesnake hills
|
|
ncompassing an expanse of hills running east to west along the northern point of the Yakima River and south of Moxee Valley,
|
rattlesnake hills
|
|
Beginning at an elevation of 850 feet and rising up to 3,085 feet, the viticultural area sits higher in elevation than the surrounding Yakima Valley region.
|
rattlesnake hills
|
|
The first commercial vineyards in the region date back to 1968.
|
rattlesnake hills
|
|
neyards are typically located on ridges and terraces and in areas with good air drainage to avoid late spring and early fall frost and winter kill.
|
rattlesnake hills
|
|
This region is located in north central Washington and is currently home to 15 wineries.
|
lake chelan
|
|
A surprisingly high number of heat units have been recorded for this area, which results in a good growing season for many grape varieties
|
lake chelan
|
|
The region benefits from a southerly facing slope of the Columbia River which enjoys one of the longest growing seasons in the Columbia Valley. The low rainfall and meager silt loam soils produce very intense and concentrated fruit. It is part of a high plateau that runs along the south side of the Columbia River and is particularly noted for its distinctive Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon.
|
cold creek
|
|
This is where the Columbia, Yakima and Snake rivers meet.
|
columbia basin/snake river
|
|
The area surrounding the Tri-Cities, which includes the broad hills bordering each side of the Snake River, is benefited by
|
a good climate and ample irrigation
|
|
There are NO clouds____ days of year.
|
300
|
|
How much sun does Eastern Washington receive?
|
receiving up to 17 and a half hours of sun each day.
|
|
Eastern Washington is one of the
|
highest latitude wine regions in the world.
|
|
Eastern Washington is dry enough to be categorized as a Continental Semi-Desert. Why?
|
The majestic north south running Olympic and Cascade Mountain ranges in the Western portion of the state combine to stop the clouds rolling in off of the Pacific Ocean - known as a Rain Shadow Effect.
|
|
Eastern Washington is dry enough to be categorized as a
|
Continental Semi-Desert.
|
|
how many inches of rainfall in eastern washington?
|
7 to 12
|
|
why is eastern washington remarkably fungus free?
|
Common vineyard fungal disease such as oidium (powdery mildew), peronosperal (downy mildew) and grey/black rot require a humid environment.
|
|
The Columbia Basin benefits from
|
snow melt runoff.
|
|
Columbia River in Eastern Washington combines the ________________to the 15th largest river in the United States at 1,214 miles in length.
|
Cascades, Rockies and Blue Mountains runoff
|
|
Underground aquifers run through levels of
|
basalt lava flow
|
|
Average daytime high vineyard air temperatures for June 1 to October 15:
|
78 degrees Fahrenheit.
|
|
During the all important August/September months, air temperature
|
climbs slightly higher to 84 degrees Fahrenheit.
|
|
Average daytime high temperatures for December 1 to March 1:
|
32 degrees Fahrenheit.
|
|
makes Washington vineyards remarkably pest free.
|
cold winter temperatures kill many vineyard disease carrying pests such as phylloxera, moths, mites and nematodes.
|
|
There is up to _____difference between high day and low night time temps
|
40º F
|
|
_________generally dissipate through perspiration from the grape in constant warm temperatures.
|
Malic Acids
|
|
vineyard land varying from
sea level |
100 feet above sea level to 1000 above sea level
|
|
Eastern Washington faces sustained winter freezes low enough to kill vines to the ground once every
|
7 years or so.
|
|
what technique is used to combat winter freezing?
|
Methods such as layering (planting a living vine below the ground level for protection)
|
|
what types of soil does washington have?
|
A combination of mostly sandy, rocky based alluvial (meaning carried by water – see below), some windblown over periodic volcanic basalt lift and patches of clay. Types include loess, basalt, clay, silt, loam, sandy loam.
|
|
describe the ancient ice age floods
|
a 300 foot wall of water gushing at up to 80 miles an hour - 10 times the strength of all the world’s rivers combined – from a glacial lake just north of Washington/Idaho southwest to the Pacific Ocean. More than 50 times over 2,000 years.
|