Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
activating group
|
A substituent that makes the aromatic ring more reactive (usually toward electrophilic aromatic substitution) than benzene.
|
|
|
acyl group
|
A carbonyl group with an alkyl group attached.
|
|
|
acylium ion
|
An acyl group with positive charge.
|
|
|
benzylic position
|
The carbon atom of an alkyl group that is directly bonded to a benzene ring; the position alpha to a benzene ring.
|
|
|
benzyne
|
A reactive intermediate in some nucleophilic aromatic substitutions, benzyne is benzene with two hydrogen atoms removed. It can be drawn with a highly strained triple bond in the six-membered ring.
|
|
|
Birch reduction
|
The partial reduction of a benzene ring by sodium or lithium in liquid ammonia. The products are usually 1,4-cyclohexadienes.
|
|
|
Clemmensen reduction
|
The reduction of a carbonyl group to a methylene group by zinc amalgam, Zn(Hg) in dilute hydrochloric acid.
|
|
|
amalgam
|
An alloy of a metal with mercury.
|
|
|
deactivating group
|
A substituent that makes the aromatic ring less reactive (usually toward electrophilic aromatic substitution) than benzene.
|
|
|
electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS)
|
Replacement of a hydrogen on an aromatic ring by a strong electrophile.
|
|
|
Friedel-Crafts acylation
|
The formation of an acylbenzene by the reaction of the aromatic system with an acylium ion.
|
|
|
Friedel-Crafts alkylation
|
The formation of an alkyl-substituted benzene derivative by the reactino of the aromatic system with an alkyl carbocation or carbocation-like species.
|
|
|
Getterman-Koch synthesis
|
des by the treatment of a benzene derivative with CO and HCl using an AlCl3/CuCl catalyst.
|
|
|
halonium ion
|
Any positively charged ion that has a positive charge (or partial positive charge) on a halogen atom. In aromatic chemistry, the halonium ion usually has a positive charge delocalized onto the halogen through resonance. (Specific chloronium ion, bromonium ion, etc.)
|
|
|
inductive stabilization
|
Stabilization of a reactive intermediate by donation or withdrawal of electron density through sigma bonds.
|
|
|
meta-director
|
A substituent that deactivates primarily the ortho and para positions toward attack, leaving the meta position the least deactivated and most reactive.
|
|
|
nitration
|
The replacement of a hydrogen atom by a nitro group, -NO2
|
|
|
nitronium ion
|
The NO2+ ion, O=N(+)=O
|
|
|
nucleophilic aromatic substitution (NAS)
|
Replacement of a leaving group on an aromatic ring by a strong nucleophile.
|
|
|
ortho, para-director
|
A substituent that activates primarily the ortho and para positions toward attack.
|
|
|
quinone
|
A derivative of a cyclohexadiene-dione. Common quinones are the 1,4-quinones (para-quinones); the less stable 1,2-quinones (ortho-quinones) are relatively uncommon.
|
|
|
resonance stabilization
|
Stabilization of a reactive intermediate by donation or withdrawal of electron density through pi bonds.
|
|
|
resonance donating (pi donating)
|
Capable of donating electrons through resonance involving pi bonds.
|
|
|
resonance withdrawing (pi withdrawing)
|
Capable of withdrawing electron density through resonance involving pi bonds
|
|
|
sigma complex
|
An intermediate in electrophilic aromatic substitution or nucleophilic aromatic substitution with a sigma bond between the electrophile or nucleophile and the former aromatic ring. The sigma complex bears a delocalized positive charge in electrophilic aromatic substitution and a delocalized negative charge in nucleophilic aromatic substitution.
|
|
|
sulfonation
|
The replacement of a hydrogen atom by a sulfonic acid group. -SO3H
|
|
|
desulfonation
|
The replacement of the -SO3H group by a hydrogen. In benzene derivatives, this is done by heating with water or steam.
|
