W1D1 - Neuro - Hypothalamus And Limbic System

Front 1

What are the components of the forebrain?

Back 1

the prosencephalon - everything above the midbrain basically

Front 2

WHat nucleo are found in the ant. hypothalamus?

Back 2

preoptic - reproduction
supraoptic
paraventricular - secretory cells (vasopressin and oxytocin)
anterior nucleus - body temp reg.
suprachiasmatic - circadian rhythms

Front 3

What nuclei are found in the middle hypothalamus?

Back 3

dorsomedial nucleus - emotions, limbic connections
ventromedial - food intake
arcuate - endocrine connections

Front 4

What nuclei are found in the post. hypothalamus?

Back 4

posterior nuclei - temp regulation
mammillary bodies - limbic connections

Front 5

What autonomic system is the anterior hypothalamus associated with?

Back 5

parasymp

Front 6

What ANS is associated with the posterior hypothalamus?

Back 6

symp

Front 7

What is the 'head ganglion' of the ANS

Back 7

hypothalamu

Front 8

What are the outputs of the hypothalamus?

Back 8

Pituitary gland: hypothalamohypophysial tract
and hypophysial portal system
Multisynaptic descending pathways:
autonomic nuclei of branstem and lateral horn of spinal cord
- function ensures survival of individual and species -

Front 9

What is the purpose of receiving input from the circumventricular organs to the hypothalamus?

Back 9

these nuclei are located along the ventricles and are unique in the brain in that they lack a blood-brain barrier. This allows them to monitor substance in the blood that would normally be sheilded from neural tissue ie: area postremea, which is sensitive to toxins in the blod and can induce vomiting

Front 10

T/F the hypothalamus recieves input from the reticular formation?

Back 10

true - receive varity of input form the spinal cord( and others). among them i sinfomation about skin temp which is relayed to hypothalamus.

Front 11

Why does the solitary tract relay to the hypothalamus?

Back 11

collects all the visceral sensory information fom the head nad realys it to the hypothalamus and other targets

Front 12

Why do the limbic AND olfactory systems send info to the hypothalamus

Back 12

strucutres such as the amygdala, hippocampus, and olfactory cortex project to the hypothalamus and help to regulate bhaviors such as eating and reproduction.

Front 13

T/F the hypothalamus also has some intrinsic receptors, including thermoreceptors and osmoreceptors to monitor temp and ionic balance

Back 13

true

Front 14

Where do the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei project to?

Back 14

directly to the post. pituitary - releases neurotransmitters - vasopressin (adh) - resorption of water
and oxytocin - conraction of uterine muscle at childbirth - milk let-down phenomenon and socialization "love hormone" - "calm and connect"

Front 15

The preoptic nucleus neurons undergo apoptosis in female in the beginning about age 4. What homosexual males?

Back 15

found that this apoptosis as well
Also - the medial preoptic area undergoes apoptosis in female...

Front 16

Explain the Suprachiasmatic nucleus - where does it receive infro from and what is it's function?

Back 16

receives direct retinal input
functions to set body's 24 hours clock
involved in seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Front 17

What hypothalamic nuclei is considered the satiety center?

Back 17

ventromedial nucleus - actually the arcuate also works in conjuction with it and = feaalig of satiety and hunger

Front 18

How does the arcuate nucleus work in relation to the endocrine system?

Back 18

when eat, stomach releases hormones, negrelin = feelings of satiety
after eat = adipocytes release leptin

Front 19

What is an example of a circumventricular organ?

Back 19

tuber cinereum and median eminence

Front 20

What would occur if you destroyed the "satiety center"?

Back 20

- due to surgical intervention (lab animal)

= voracious appetite
loss of ability to judge caloric value of food
- Lesion of the VentroMedial nucleus = the animal eats VeryMuch - hyperphagic cat - FAT CAT

Front 21

If you have a craniopharyngioma (tumor) in the ventromedial nucleus what occurs (in humans)?

Back 21

irritation f ventromedial hypothalamus will produce ANOREXIA - post-surgery, patient will become hyperphagic

Front 22

If you lesion the anterior hypothalamus what might be experiened "general"

Back 22

hyperthermia, insomnia, diabetes insipidus

Front 23

What would occur if you lesioned the post. hypothalamus?

Back 23

hypothermia, hypersomina

Front 24

Where does hormone regulation occur in the hypothalmus?

Back 24

median eminence - circumventricular organ

Front 25

What are the 2 basic functions of the limbic system?

Back 25

emotions, learning and memory

Front 26

What system is a highely interconnected group of structure interposed between the neocortex and the hypothalamus?

Back 26

limbic system

Front 27

The limbic system is essential for the 5 F's which are?

Back 27

feeling, feeding, fighting, fleeing and mating

Front 28

The limbic system is expressed through the hypothalamus as?

Back 28

the ans

Front 29

Where is the limbic system located?

Back 29

ring of phylogenetically old cortx on the medial wall of hte cerebral himespheres and includes a collection of other telencephalic areas connected directly/indirectly with the hypothalamus

Front 30

What are the components of the limbic system?

Back 30

Cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, amygdala, anterior nucleus of the THALAMUS - dorsal thalamus, frontal lobe, septal area - midline structure, mammillary bodies, numerous complex fiber tracts

Front 31

What is the hippocampus responsible for?

Back 31

memory consolidation

Front 32

what is the amygdala do?

Back 32

emotions

Front 33

The frontal lobe is responsible for what?

Back 33

future planning, personality, impulsivity

Front 34

Where is a pleasure center associated with the limbic system?

Back 34

septal area - midline structure, medial forebrain bundle of ret. formation (ventral striatum) - nucleus accumbens - releases GABA

Front 35

What are the main fibers tracts of the limbic system?

Back 35

fimbria/fornix major output from hippocampal formation to mamillary bodies, anterior thalamus, septum (septum goes back to hippocampus!)
stria terminalis: amygdala to hypothalamus and septum (major output from amygdala)
Medial forebrain bundle: massive fiber tract, septum to midbrain Retcular formaiton
mammillothalamic tract - mammillary odie sto anterior nucleus of thalamus

Front 36

What is the function of the mammillary bodies in the limbic system?

Back 36

major output system (part of hypothalamus - posterior)

Front 37

what does the anterior cingulate gyrus mostely deal with? what structure of the limbic system.

Back 37

amygdala

Front 38

what does the posterior cingulate gyrus mostly deal with? what structure of the limbic system.

Back 38

hippocampus

Front 39

What structure is the bridge between the exterior (telencephalon) and inferior (diencephalon)

Back 39

cingulate gyrus

Front 40

What does the ventral striatum include?

Back 40

septal area and nucleus accumbens

Front 41

What is the importance of the limbic system?

Back 41

emotions (rage) and memory (short-term)

Front 42

What neurological disorders come from destruction of structures of the limbic system? (remember lesions must be bilateral to get memory disorders)

Back 42

Alzheimer's disease - memory problems, personality problems
Korsakoff's Syndrome - memory prob., confabulation - hippocampus
Kluver-Bucy syndrom - recognize objects, but can't attribute qualities to them, hypersexuality, wipe out of ventral striatum

Front 43

What syndrome is seen following bilateral temporal pole removal - of entire medial temp. lobe

Back 43

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome: compulsive manipulation of objects, insatiable appetite, sexual exhibitionism with frequent masturbation - relates to nucelus accumbens, severe amnesia - both before and after surgery, complete loss of aggresive behavior, visual agnosia - lose ability to form menaningful memories
- basically: material doesn't get to proper storage area in cerbral cortex
(if you stim amygdala=rage, if you eliminate it -= calm, placidity)

Front 44

The hippocampal formation is subdivided into:

Back 44

hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus
the subiculum is the entry way in and out of the hippocampus

Front 45

What are the main inputs of the limbic system?

Back 45

entorhinal cortex - via perforant pathway
lateral hypothalamus via fimbria of fornix
- the stronger the emotional stimuli = more into long term memory (smell is STRONG)

Front 46

What are the major outputs of the limbic system

Back 46

MAIN: fimbria fornix system
Mammillary body via subiculum
anterior nucleus of thalamus through the mammillary bodeis via the mammillothalamic tract

Front 47

What are the functions of the hippocampus?

Back 47

learning and memory: anterograde amnesia with lesions, codes shorterm memoreis into long-term
and endocrine - stress responses - feedback to hypothalamus

Front 48

What disorders result in damage to the hippocampus?

Back 48

alzheimer's disease - memory loss (short-term), loss of cells in the hippocampus
Korsakoff's syndrome - thiamine deficiency (inc. in alcoholics), loss of short-term memory, hippocampus, and mammillary bodies neuronal loss, confabulation
Vascular dementia - stroke

Front 49

The outputs sends info to the multimodal sensory association cortex - through what structure of hippocampus

Back 49

out the entorhinal cortex

Front 50

Decribe how the information comes in and associates and leaves the hippocampus?

Back 50

sensory signals in to entorhinal cortex - subiculum to the dentate gyrus - where it is matched with current sensation and matched sensation then sends motor response via the fimbria/fornix and another response back out the way it came in as the memory sensation out.

Front 51

What limbic structure evaluates sensory information for familiar content, stores new cognitive information (declarative memory)
retrieves stored cognitivie informaiton
emotional content is impt. in formulation new memories

Back 51

hippocampus

Front 52

What is the circuit of Papez?

Back 52

Links hippocampus with cingulate cortex
Hippocampal formation -> fornix - > mammillary bodies -> mammillothalamic tract -> anterior nucleus of the thalamus (limbic nucleus) 0> cingluate gyrus (selection of motor response) -> cingulum -> entorhinal cortex -> hippocampal formation ->continues on and on an don

Front 53

What limbic system structure:
selectis appropriate motor and autonomic behavior in response to ongoing emotions
projects to motor areas (motor Planning)
projects to hypothalamus
projects to brainsetem and Autonomic centers

Back 53

anterior cingulate cortex

Front 54

What limbic system structure:
processes HIGHLY sensory input - when stimulated, produces activites associated with feeding, rage and aggression. Lesion result s in placidity and hypersexual behavior

Back 54

amygdala

Front 55

What are the major inputs of the amygdala?

Back 55

anterior olfactory nucleus - via the lateral olfactory stria (HUGE input)
dorsal medial nucleus of the thalamus -via stria terminalis
hypothalamus via stria terminalis

Front 56

What are the major outputs of the amygdala?

Back 56

septal area - via the stria terminalis (for well being)
hypothalamus via stria terminalis -(for emotional expression)
dorsal medial nucleus of the thalamus to perforate cortex

Front 57

What are the functions of the amygdala?

Back 57

endocrine - hypothalamus and stresss responses
Emotional behavior

Front 58

The amygdala when lesioned, has what emotional behavior?

Back 58

decreased aggression, placidity imiparies learning.

Front 59

When the amygdala is lesioned what does the patient experience?

Back 59

fear, anxiety, attention/defense

Front 60

When the amygdala is lesioned what syndrome is seen?

Back 60

Kluver-Bucy syndrome - absence of emotion, placidity/fearlessness (stimulation=fear), compulsive attention, hypersexual, psychich blindness, visual agnosia

Front 61

The amygdala acts _________ with the septal area

Back 61

reciprocally
The septal area( for well-bein)
amygdal is producer of anxiety -
both constantly active

Front 62

Where is the nucleus accumbens (septal area) located and what is it's function?

Back 62

located at the base of the septum pellucidum - fucntions as a reward center
is a primary targe for the mesolimbic tract from the ventral tegmental area
relases of dopamine in nuclues produces a sesne of reward, receives input form the hiippocampus and amygdala and other areas project to hypothalamus and prefrontal cortex

Front 63

Release of ____- in nucleus accumbens produce sa sense of reward/

Back 63

dopamine

Front 64

Increase levels of dopamine can be provided to the accumbens through stimulis such as?

Back 64

caffein,tobacco, alcohol, good things to eat

Front 65

Chronic levels of dopamine result in the production of an increased number of receptor sites.

Back 65

true

Front 66

An abnormally high level of receptors demana higher quantity of

Back 66

dopamine to maintain a normal balance between anxiety and well being - neuroanatomical asis of substance abuse