W1D1 - Cell Bio Exam 1

Front 1

________- and ________ are polymers of the monomeric unit nucleotides.

Back 1

DNA and RNA

Front 2

Each nucleotide is made up of 3 components: which are?

Back 2

a sugar, a phosphate and a base

Front 3

The 4 bases found in DNA are?

Back 3

A G C and T

Front 4

The 4 bases found in RNA are?

Back 4

A G C and U

Front 5

DNA and RNA differ at the __' carbon on the sugar. RNA has a _______ group at the ____' carbon (ribose) and DNA does not (deoxyribose).

Back 5

2' carbon.
hydroxyl group at 2' on RNA

Front 6

DNA is usually found in the cell with single or double strands?

Back 6

double stranded

Front 7

T/F RNA can form double strands

Back 7

true, although it is generally found as a single stranded molecule in cells.

Front 8

The two strands of a double helix DNA molecule are wrapped around each other in the ________ (opposite/same) orientation with one strand going from _ to _ and the other strand going from _ to _. which is (parallel or antiparallel)

Back 8

opposite.
5 - 3
3-5
ANTIparallel

Front 9

Which bases are purines?

Back 9

A and G

Front 10

Which bases are pyridines?

Back 10

T, U and C (CuT the pyramids..)

Front 11

What bases are found to pair with eachother in DNA?

Back 11

A binds to T and G binds to C

Front 12

What bases bind in RNA?

Back 12

A binds to U and G binds to C

Front 13

_______ (homologous/heteryzygous) region of DNA can be compared among different species to determine phylogenetic relationships.

Back 13

Homologous

Front 14

T/F Closely related organisms contain similar DNA compliments, however they are often arranged differently on the chromosomes of each species.

Back 14

True

Front 15

__ (RNA or DNA) can carry out other functions in addition to its role in gene expression including catalytic activity or signaling.

Back 15

RNA

Front 16

The living world is made up of 3 division or domains: which are?

Back 16

bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes

Front 17

Therea are 4 main proceses for generating change in a genome: what are they?

Back 17

INTRAgenic mutation (single base change), gene duplication, DNA segment shuffling, horizontal transfer (from one cell to another)

Front 18

In _______, (bacteria or eukaryotes) transcription and translation is coupled and in _________ the two processes are separated by a nuclear membrane.

Back 18

bacteria, eukaryotes

Front 19

Bacterial genes are usually clustered into groups (called __________ ) that are transcribed as a single unit.

Back 19

operons

Front 20

Eukaryotic genes are often broken up with regions of noncoding DNA or _____ between regions of coding DNA which are _____.

Back 20

introns, exons

Front 21

In a comparision of the same gene is sevearl closely related species, the _________- will generally be very similar, this is called conserved, while the __________ will vary in size and content.

Back 21

exons, introns

Front 22

________ chromosomes are densely packed with genes leaving very little DNA that is non-coding.

Back 22

bacterial

Front 23

T/F Most of the DNA in higher eukaryotes including humans does not code for proteins. Most of the human genome is made up of repeated sequences. May of those sequences are mobile elements that can move around in the genome.

Back 23

true

Front 24

_____- chromosomes are cifcular and _ chromosomes are linear.

Back 24

bacterial - circular
eukaryotes: linear

Front 25

T/F In addition to the human genome, the entire genomes of a large number of organisms have been completed including several bacterai that are found in the oral cavity.

Back 25

true

Front 26

Is it possible to construct metabolic pathways and compare them with other organisms by examining their entire genome content.

Back 26

yes

Front 27

Genes can be grouped into families based on similar (homologous) sequences found in different organisms. Homologous sequences can be found in genes of the ___-- organism that carry out different but similar functions. Genes that have similar functions in very distantly related organism can have similar sequences...this is called _____-.

Back 27

Same organism,
homology

Front 28

______ is used as a template to syntesize _ during Transcription.

Back 28

DNA, RNA

Front 29

_______ is used during translation to code for protein molecules.

Back 29

RNA

Front 30

In some situation RNA can be used as a tmplate for DNA synthesis (reverse transcription.)

Back 30

True

Front 31

DNA is also used as a template for DNA synthesis during replication.

Back 31

TRUE

Front 32

Protein is ______ (always, never) used as a template to syntehsize RNA or DNA.

Back 32

NEVER

Front 33

Each nucleoTIDE in an mRNA molecule (codon) codes for __ amino acid.

Back 33

one

Front 34

There are _ potential reading frames in each RNA molecule.

Back 34

3

Front 35

There are _ potential open reading frames on a double stranded DNA molecule.

Back 35

6

Front 36

There are 3 major types of RNA (based on their function). which are?

Back 36

tRNA
mRNA
rRNA

Front 37

What is the fucntion of rRNA?

Back 37

is a structural component of the ribsome

Front 38

What is the function of the mRNA?

Back 38

is a copy of genetic information from a gene that is used during translation to specify (code for) a specific protein.

Front 39

Whatis the function of tRNA?

Back 39

transfer the 3 base codon on an mRNA into an amino acid on a new polypeptide.

Front 40

What is used during translation as a bridge between the mRNA and the synthesized protein.

Back 40

tRNA

Front 41

The phylogenetic relationships of different organisms can be compared by comparing the _ sequence of similar genes in the two organisms.

Back 41

DNA

Front 42

DNA polymerase is a ___ dependent (uses DNA as a template) DNA synthesizing enzyme.

Back 42

DNA

Front 43

___ polymerase is a DNA dependent RNA synthesizing enzyme

Back 43

RNA

Front 44

_______ ______ is an RNA dependent DNA synthesizing enzyme.

Back 44

reverse transcriptase

Front 45

Primase is _ dependent _____- polymerase.

Back 45

DNA, RNA

Front 46

____ synthesizses a small RNA "primer" that can be used by the DNA polymerase to elongate the chain.

Back 46

primase

Front 47

DNA polymerase minimizes th number of mistakes (mis-incorporated nucleotides) by using a _ to _' exonuclease (or proofreading) activity that is part of the same protein.

Back 47

3 - 5

Front 48

DNA polymerase as well as all other nucleic acid polymerases synthesize DNA in the _ to _' direction only.

Back 48

5 - 3

Front 49

During replication, each new nucleotide is added to the _' carbon on the last nculeotide of the new DNA chain.

Back 49

3

Front 50

In ________ (euk or prok), DNA is synthesized during the S phase of the cell cycle.

Back 50

EUKARyotes

Front 51

The base component of each nucleoTIDE is connectd to the sugar at that _' carbon.

Back 51

1

Front 52

The base component of each nucleoTIDE is connectd to the sugar at that 1' carbon.The adjacent nucleotides in a DNA chain are attached at the 5' and 3' carbons. And the 2' carbon differs between RNA and DNA.

Back 52

True

Front 53

DNA polymerase is an elongating enzyme; it CANNOT initiate synthesis.

Back 53

true, therefore a PRIMER is required for elongation of new strand of using the DNA pol.

Front 54

Bacterial chromosomes contain __ origin of replication.

Back 54

one

Front 55

DNA synthesis proceeds in _ directions away from the origin.

Back 55

both, until the two replication forks meet at a specfic sequence on the other side of the chromosome.

Front 56

In bacteria new rounds o fDNA replication can begin ___(before/after) the previous round is completed.

Back 56

before

Front 57

Eukaryotic chromosome contain many origins of replication that may change during the development of the organism.

Back 57

true

Front 58

In eukaryotes, each entire chromosome is replicated only once each cell division and the new rounds of replication do not start until ____ (after/before) the cell divides.

Back 58

after

Front 59

Eukaryotic chromosomes are ____ (linear/circular) and special structures called ____ are placed on each end.

Back 59

linear, telomeres.

Front 60

Telomers are constructed with the enzyme _________ that uses an RNA template to synthesize a short repeated DNA sequence at the ends of the chromosomes.

Back 60

telomerase

Front 61

Because the polymerase must synthesize new DNA in the 5 to 3 direction, the two polymerase molecules on opposite strands move __ (away/towards) from each other.

Back 61

away

Front 62

____ unwinds (separates) the 2 DNA strands before polymerization of the new strands.

Back 62

Helicase

Front 63

Single-stranded binding proteins keep the two copmletmentary strands for ____ the double helix.

Back 63

reforming

Front 64

The polymerase on the _ strand moves twoard the replication fork and the polymerase on the _ strand moves away from it.

Back 64

leading, lagging

Front 65

The _ strand is synthesized in short (Okasaki) fragments.

Back 65

lagging

Front 66

______ initiates synthesis of each Okazaki fragment by making a short RNA primer.

Back 66

primase

Front 67

The _______ strand is synthesized by the continuous movement of the DNA polymerase along the template.

Back 67

leading

Front 68

What is methylation of the DNA mean?

Back 68

Methylation of the DNA signals that the DNA is unreplicated and is ready to be used as a template for the next round of synthesis

Front 69

A PCR reaction requires:

Back 69

1. set of 2 primers
2. a target DNA sequence as a template
3) taq polymerase
4) nucleotides

Front 70

For each cycle during a _ the product of the previous cycle is used as a template for the next round of synthesis resulting in an exponential increase in the amount of DNA synthesized.

Back 70

PCR reaction

Front 71

PCR is carried out in a "thermocycler" with means what?

Back 71

it cycles through a series of temperatures

Front 72

The Taq DNA polymerase used in PCR is stable at high temp (95 C) allowing the DNA to be heat denatured..why do we denature the strands?

Back 72

to separate the strands, and the benefit is that Taq isn't destroyed in the process.

Front 73

PCR products can be analyzed by _ because there is a large amount of the PCR product available after the PCR reaction.

Back 73

gel electrophoresis