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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the centrifuge used for?
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Separating the solid and liquid components of a sample
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What is a refractometer used for?
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It measures the refractive index of certain solutions.
a. The specific gravity of urine b. The total protein of plasma |
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Statistics of the red microscope objective
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a. 4X - Scanning
b. Gross focus this lens only c. Will give you a good idea of the general quality of your slide |
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Statistics of the yellow microscope objective
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a. 10X - Low dry
b. Used for initial focusing, can give a general overview of slide or specimen c. Used for viewing fecals, direct smears, or flotation. d. Most parasites and/or their eggs can be seen at this magnification |
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Statistics of the blue microscope objective
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a. 40X - High dry
b. Used for greater detail c. Is sufficient for urine, skin scrapings and some other cytology |
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Statistics of the white microscope objective
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a. 100X - Oil immersion
b. Manual CBC's and most cytology is done with this lens c. Must clean after each use, and before returning to lower objectives |
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Common uses for a tiger top tube
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Separates RBC's, WBC's and serum
Blood must sit in tube for at least 10 minutes but no more than 20 before spinning |
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Common uses for a lavender top tube
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a. CBC & PCV
b. contains ETDA heparin (anticoagulant) |
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Common uses for a light blue top tube (with yellow stripes)
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a. Clotting profiles
b. contains sodium citrate (anticoagulant) |
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Common uses for plain red top tubes
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a. Urine & blood phenobarb levels
b. contains no additives |
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Common uses for green top tubes
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a. Anything just more expensive
b. contains lithium heparin |
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What is the standard volume of blood needed for general tests?
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For a general profile about 3-5 mLs of whole blood will need to be drawn.
5mLs minimum at PIMA |
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Red Blood Cells
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RBC's
Erythrocytes |
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White Blood Cells
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WBC's
Leukocytes Polymorphonuclear PMNs |
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Platelets
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plt's
Thrombocytes |
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Plasma
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Fluid portion of the blood
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Serum
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Blood plasma without the fibrinogen and other clotting factors
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A Cellular disolved substances
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Substances dissolved in plasma (electrolytes, proteins, nutrients, wastes)
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What is bilirubin?
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A bile pigment that is product of the breakdown of the heme portion of hemoglobin. This happens within macrophages as they digest red blood cells. Extremely high levels of bilirubin cause jaundice.
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Blood functions
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a. Transport
b. Regulatory c. Defense |
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Transport systems of blood
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a. Oxygen (carried by hemoglobin)
b. Nutrients (dissolved in plasma) c. Wastes - CO2 from lungs and Urea from kidneys d. Hormones (from endocrine glands to target organs) e. WBC's (from bone marrow (produced) to tissues (function) f. Platelets (to the site of damage) |
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Regulatory systems of blood
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a. Body temp (regulators in the brain influenced by blood passing over them)
b. Tissue fluid content (Homeostasis, Hemodilution/concentration) c. Blood pH (acid base balance) (Normal is 7.35-7.45) |
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A Cellular disolved substances
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Substances dissolved in plasma (electrolytes, proteins, nutrients, wastes)
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What is bilirubin?
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A bile pigment that is product of the breakdown of the heme portion of hemoglobin. This happens within macrophages as they digest red blood cells. Extremely high levels of bilirubin cause jaundice.
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Blood functions
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a. Transport
b. Regulatory c. Defense |
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Transport systems of blood
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a. Oxygen (carried by hemoglobin)
b. Nutrients (dissolved in plasma) c. Wastes - CO2 from lungs and Urea from kidneys d. Hormones (from endocrine glands to target organs) e. WBC's (from bone marrow (produced) to tissues (function) f. Platelets (to the site of damage) |
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Regulatory systems of blood
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a. Body temp (regulators in the brain influenced by blood passing over them)
b. Tissue fluid content (Homeostasis, Hemodilution/concentration) c. Blood pH (acid base balance) (Normal is 7.35-7.45) |
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Defense systems of blood
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a. WBC's (Phagocytosis & immunity
b. Clotting Factors (13 of them) |
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Name the first 5 blood clotting factors
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Factor I = Fibrinogen
Factor II = Prothrombin Factor III = Tissue factor Factor IV = Calcium Factor V = Labile factor |
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What percentage of a blood sample is generally plasma?
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45-78%
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What percentage of plasma is water?
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93%
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Plasma contains
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Proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen)
Gasses (O2, CO2, nitrogen) Lipids Electrolytes (Na, K, Cl, Ca, Mg) Amino Acids |
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Main purposes of evaluating proteins in plasma
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a. Hydration status (gross idea)
b. Inflammatory status (d/t fibrinogen) c. Liver, kidney & GI function |
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What is the normal protein level in plasma?
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5.5-6.5 plasma protein
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What is the difference in general plasma protein levels in neonates vs. geriatric pts?
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Neonates tend to have lower than normal total proteins (4-5 refractometer) due to an underdeveloped immune system and immature liver.
Geriatrics tend to have higher than normal total proteins. |
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Main purposes of evaluating proteins in plasma
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a. Hydration status (gross idea)
b. Inflammatory status (d/t fibrinogen) c. Liver, kidney & GI function |
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What is the normal protein level in plasma?
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5.5-6.5 plasma protein
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What is the difference in general plasma protein levels in neonates vs. geriatric pts?
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Neonates tend to have lower than normal total proteins (4-5 refractometer) due to an underdeveloped immune system and immature liver.
Geriatrics tend to have higher than normal total proteins. |
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What is hematopoiesis?
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The geneal term for all production of blood cells
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What is the difference between red and yellow bone marrow?
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Red:
Active bone marrow in the young animal Called this because of it's gross appearance Found in all bones in the young animal due to high demand of rbc's needed for growth Yellow: Composed of yellow fat cells that replacee the active red marrow as the animal matures and the demand for rbc's decreases |
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Where is red bone marrow located in the adult animal?
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At the ends of the long bones and flat bones
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In emergency situations what else in the body can produce blood cells temporarily?
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The liver and spleen
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What is erythropoiesis?
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The production of RBC's
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What do RBC's begin as?
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Pluripotent stem cells (PPSC)
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What is erythropoietin?
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The hormone produced by the kidney that is one of the many stimuli necessary for RBC development
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When is EPO released?
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When hypoxia or ow O2 levels are detected in the circulating blood
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Order of RBC maturation
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Pluripotential Stem Cell
Rubriblast Prorubricyte Rubricyte Metarubricyte Polychromatophil or reticulocyte |
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What is a nucleated red blood cell?
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A form of an immature RBC released in the circulating blood before it should be
It still retains the nucleus causing it to appear similar to a Lymphocyte |
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Canine Ehrlichia Inclusions affect what type of blood cell?
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Leukocytes
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What parasite can transmit Ehrlichia?
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Ticks
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What kind of organism is Ehrlichia?
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Rickettsiales bacteria
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Is Ehrlichia zoonotic?
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YES!
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What are symptoms of Ehrlichiosis?
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Ehrlichiosis can have three phases. Signs of the acute phase of the disease usually develop 1-3 weeks after the bite of the infected tick. The acute phase of the disease generally lasts 2-4 weeks. The Ehrlichia enter white blood cells and reproduce inside of them. In addition to the blood, these cells are found in the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and bone marrow. Platelets, the small cell fragments that help blood to clot, are often destroyed, as well. As a result of the infection, the lymph nodes, liver, and spleen are often enlarged. Anemia, fever, depression, lethargy, loss of appetite, shortness of breath, joint pain and stiffness, and bruises are often seen. Many dogs will be able to fight off the infection. If not, they enter the subclinical phase.
In the subclinical phase the animal may appear normal or show only slight anemia. During this phase the Ehrlichia live inside the spleen. This phase can last for months or years. Ultimately, the dog either eliminates the Ehrlichia from the body or the infection may progress to the chronic phase. The chronic phase can be either mild or severe. Weight loss, anemia, neurological signs, bleeding, inflammation of the eye, edema (fluid accumulation) in the hind legs, and fever may be seen. Blood tests show that one or all of the different blood cell types are decreased. One cell type, the lymphocyte may increase and be abnormal in appearance. This can sometimes be confused with certain types of leukemia. If a dog becomes chronically infected, the disease can keep coming back, especially during periods of stress. In some cases, arthritis or a kidney disease called 'glomerluonephritis' may develop. A decrease in the number of platelets (platelets help the blood clot) in the blood is the most common laboratory finding in all phases of the disease. Changes in the protein levels in the blood are common. The most common protein, albumin, is decreased and other types of protein called 'globulins' are increased. |
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Canine Ehrlichia Inclusions affect what type of blood cell?
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Leukocytes
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What parasite can transmit Ehrlichia?
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Ticks
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What kind of organism is Ehrlichia?
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Rickettsiales bacteria
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Is Ehrlichia zoonotic?
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YES!
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What are symptoms of Ehrlichiosis?
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Ehrlichiosis can have three phases. Signs of the acute phase of the disease usually develop 1-3 weeks after the bite of the infected tick. The acute phase of the disease generally lasts 2-4 weeks. The Ehrlichia enter white blood cells and reproduce inside of them. In addition to the blood, these cells are found in the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and bone marrow. Platelets, the small cell fragments that help blood to clot, are often destroyed, as well. As a result of the infection, the lymph nodes, liver, and spleen are often enlarged. Anemia, fever, depression, lethargy, loss of appetite, shortness of breath, joint pain and stiffness, and bruises are often seen. Many dogs will be able to fight off the infection. If not, they enter the subclinical phase.
In the subclinical phase the animal may appear normal or show only slight anemia. During this phase the Ehrlichia live inside the spleen. This phase can last for months or years. Ultimately, the dog either eliminates the Ehrlichia from the body or the infection may progress to the chronic phase. The chronic phase can be either mild or severe. Weight loss, anemia, neurological signs, bleeding, inflammation of the eye, edema (fluid accumulation) in the hind legs, and fever may be seen. Blood tests show that one or all of the different blood cell types are decreased. One cell type, the lymphocyte may increase and be abnormal in appearance. This can sometimes be confused with certain types of leukemia. If a dog becomes chronically infected, the disease can keep coming back, especially during periods of stress. In some cases, arthritis or a kidney disease called 'glomerluonephritis' may develop. A decrease in the number of platelets (platelets help the blood clot) in the blood is the most common laboratory finding in all phases of the disease. Changes in the protein levels in the blood are common. The most common protein, albumin, is decreased and other types of protein called 'globulins' are increased. |
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Canine Distemper inclusions affect what type of blood cell?
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Leukocytes
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How is Canine Distemper transmitted?
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Aerosol droplets and through contact with infected bodily fluids including nasal and ocular secretions, feces, and urine
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What is the common name of
Canine Distemper? |
CDV
Distemper Hard Pad Disease |
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What are some symptoms of CDV?
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Respiratory signs
•Nasal and ocular discharge •Coughing •Dyspnea (difficulty breathing) •Pneumonia Ocular signs •Anterior uveitis (inflammation of the front chamber of the eye; may cause the cornea to appear cloudy and/or cause changes in the appearance of the virus.) •Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye.) •Optic neuritis (inflammation of the optic nerve-may cause sudden blindness.) Retinal degeneration or separation(may cause vision impairment.) Gastrointestinal (GI) signs •Anorexia (loss of appetite) •Vomiting •Dyspnea (difficulty breathing) •Diarrhea (may be bloody) Neurological signs •May occur in dogs with no or mild history of other signs. •Usually occur within 1-3 weeks after systemic signs, but may occur at the same time or weeks to months later. •Highly variable •May include seizures (focal or generalized), weakness or paralysis, vestibular signs (loss of balance), myoclonus (muscle twitching/involuntary contraction), hypersensitivity, neck pain/rigidity, or behavioral changes. Dermatological signs •Pustular dermatitis (skin rash - associated with a favorable prognosis). •Nasal and digital hyperkeratosis (thickening of the nose and footpads - associated with a poor prognosis and progression to neurological disease. |
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What type of virus is Canine Distemper caused by?
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Morbilli virus
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What is the difference between a manual and automatic differential?
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Automated:
Abaxis, Heska, Drew Sci, IDEXX machines Use laser and impedence (pressure) counting methods can be a problem with morphologic abnormalities Requires maintenence and chemicals Machines can easily become clogged by clots Manual: Person+microscope+hemacytometer Sample must sit for 10 minutes to lyse the rbc's Place in humidifying chamber for 5 minutes to allow the cells to settle Count WBC's on 10x on all 9 large squares both sides Platelets are manually counted at the same time |
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What is the difference between band and segmented neutrophils?
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Band Neutrophils:
Immature Horseshoe shaped nuclei Seen in inflammatory responses Segmented Neutrophils: Normal "adult" neutrophil 4 or less nuclear lobes/segments |
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Centrifuge uses
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Separating the solid and liquid components of a sample (blood, urine, fecals)
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Single function centrifuge
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Has a set RPM speed at which the sample is run. (therefore, will usually only work for one type of sample)
Advantage: liquids and solids will not remix when stopped Disadvantage: usually has to be manually timed and only one size of tube can be used |
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Two types of centrifuge heads
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horizontal (aka swinging-arm type)
angled (fixed) |
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Microhematocrit centrifuge uses
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A type of angled head centrifuge
Small size capacity Configured for capillary tubes only |
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Refractometer & uses
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Measures the refractive index of certain solutions
Specific gravity of urine Total protein of plasma |
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Spectrophotometer
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A machine designed to measure the amount of light transmitted through a solution
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Reflectometer
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A machine desined to detect light reflected off a test substance
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Electrochemical analyzers
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Used for evaluation of electrolytes and other ionic components
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Name three types of hematology analyzers
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Impedence analyzers
Use flow of electrical current that the cells "impede" as they pass through the counting aperture Laser-based analyzers Uses laser beams to determine the size and density of solid components Quantitative buffy coat analysis system Uses differential centrifugation and estimation of cellular elements by measurements on an expanded buffy coat layer in a specialized microhematocrit tube |
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What temperature must incubators maintain?
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37C (body temperature)
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Where do you visually perform a manual differential?
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By viewing the monolayer of a blood film under a microscope
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What are the donor unit amounts for dogs and cats to give towards transfusions?
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Dogs: 450mLs (10-20mL/kg)
Cats: 56mLs (10-12mL/kg) |
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What are two types of Immunologic tranfusion reactions
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Immediate Hypersensitivity
Delayed Hypersensitivity |
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Immediate Hypersensitivity requirements and signs
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Requires prior exposure or transfusion
Hypersalivation, v/d, dyspnea |
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Delayed Hypersensitivity signs and treatment
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Decreased PCV, hemoglobinuria, fever, dyspnea
Treat with steroids, benedryl, Dex SP |
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What are some causes of Non-Immulogic transfusion reactions
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Sepsis
Disease transmission Allergy Hypothermia (old, cold blood) |
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What are the three granulocyte WBC's
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Neutrophils
Eosinophils Basophils |
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What are the two agranulocyte WBC's
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Lymphocytes
Monocytes |
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Tell me about neutrophils
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The most common WBC
Produced in the bone marrow Circulates in the blood and migrates to tissues Primary defense against inflammation of tissues Phagocytic cells |
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Neutropenia can be caused by
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Acute tissue demand
Decreased marrow production |
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Neutrophilia can be caused by
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Accute inflammation
Hemorrhage or hemolysis Leukemia Epi release Steroid or stress induced IMHA |
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What are neutrophils stimulated by to do?
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Inflammation - Phagocytosis
Stress - Inflammatory mediator |
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What is the preferred method of blood collection?
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Vacutainer system
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What is the preferred anticoagulant for hematology testing?
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EDTA
Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid |
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What is the preferred anticoagulant for coagulation testing?
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Sodium citrate
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What does the complete blood count include?
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Total red blood cell and white blood cell counts
Packed cell volume Hemoglobin concentration Erythrocyte indices Differential blood cell count |
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What other tests could be added to a cbc?
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Plasma protein concentration
Reticulocyte count |
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What do histograms provide?
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A graphic presentation of the numbers of cells and platelets and can be used to aid in quality assurance
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What is a histogram?
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A graph that provides a visual report of the sizes (on the x-axis) and numbers (on the y-axis) of the various cellular components
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What are the most vital components of a CBC?
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Differential WBC count
Evaluation of the morphologic characteristics of red and white blood cells Platelet estimate |
