Vtt Radiology Quiz

Front 1

Various modalities of imaging:

Back 1

Various modalities of imaging:

Nuclear Scintigraphy
Computed Tomography (CT Scan)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Endoscopy
Ultrasound
Radiology

Front 2

Nuclear Scintigraphy:

Back 2

Nuclear Scintigraphy:

Administration of radionuclides via IV then electromagnetic radiation (gamma rays)

Bone scan for tumor metastasis, injury, infection
Lung scan for pulmonary function, embolism
Renal scan for perfusion and function
Thyroid scan for tumors and hyperthyroidism

Front 3

Computed Tomography (CT Scan):

Back 3

Computed Tomography (CT Scan) Uses:

Takes thin slice images then computes them into a 2D or 3D image

Used for head and spinal for neurological disease
Noninvasive method to look inside the skull
Equine lameness

Front 4

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI):

Back 4

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI):

Uses non-ionizing electromagnetic field (magnets). Creates thin slice images.
Superior in quality to CT scan resolution, anatomic definition and tissue composition differences
Common for brain exams.

Front 5

Endoscopy:

Back 5

Endoscopy:

Camera on the end of a tube or shaft

The visual examination of interior structures of the body with an endoscope used for diagnostic and treatment procedures.

Front 6

Ultrasonography:

Back 6

Ultrasonography:

Noninvasive method on imaging soft tissue by sending low-intensity, high frequency sound waves into tissues and then 'listening' for the returning echoes.

Front 7

Radiology:

Back 7

Radiology:

Form of diagnostic imaging that uses ionizing electromagnetic radiation to image bone and soft tissue.

Front 8

Photons or Quanta was discovered by:

Back 8

Photons or Quanta was discovered by:

William Roentgen

Front 9

Methods that do not use iodizing:

Back 9

Methods that do not use iodizing:

MRI
Endoscopy
Ultrasound

Front 10

What are the two ends of an Xray tube?:

Back 10

What are the two ends of an Xray tube?:

Cathode: Negatively charged side which boils off the electrons and focuses the beam toward the anode

Anode: Positively charged end of the tube

Front 11

Tube overload:

Back 11

Tube overload:

mAs and kVp settings are too high
Too much heat causing anode to crack

Front 12

Tube Saturation:

Back 12

Tube Saturation:

kVp too low
Electrons attract to glass envelope causing the tube to crack

Front 13

Step up transformers:

Back 13

Step up transformers:

Increases incoming voltage to kilovolts
High voltage potential is needed to accelerate electrons from cathode to anode

Anode side

Front 14

Step down transformers:

Back 14

Step down transformers:

Decreases incoming voltage
Lower voltage required by filament on the cathode side

Cathode side

Front 15

Rectification

Back 15

Rectification

The process of converting alternating current to direct current

Front 16

Available currents:

Back 16

Available currents:

Single-phase
Three-phase
High frequency generator

Front 17

3 types of rectification:

Back 17

3 types of rectification:

Half-wave, single-phase (60 pulses/sec)
Full-wave, single-phase (120 pulse/sec)
Full-wave, three-phase (almost continuous pulse)

Different machines

Front 18

Portable:

Back 18

Portable:

Variable uses
Lower strength
Limitations

Used for animals on site such as mobile practices. May only be used on extremities, and is weaker.

Front 19

Mobile Unit:

Back 19

Mobile Unit:

Variable uses
Medium strength
Limitations

Rotating anode, can be moved over to patient.

Front 20

Stationary:

Back 20

Stationary:

Variable uses
Higher Strength
Limitations

Not to be moved, stays in one area, includes foot pedal.

Front 21

Digital:

Back 21

Digital:

Image displays directly on monitor screen

no film, no screens, no processing required
vs
Computed Radiography (CR) digital development uses special screens.

Front 22

Fluoroscopy:

Back 22

Fluoroscopy:

Tube is under the table
Constant moving image on monitor
Stationary type
C-arm mobile
Radiation risk is greatly increased

Used as a live xray to see watch mobile function such as swallowing or gut motility; live pictures.

Front 23

Cleaning and Maintenance:

Back 23

Cleaning and Maintenance:

The xray machine can be wiped with a soft cloth, no cleanser.
The table should be wiped down with mild disinfectant, not bleach.
Floor of radiology should be bleached.
The only self-serviceable item is the bulb in the collimator.
Professionals service the machine, processor and chemicals.
Damage to the machine can occur if left on for a long period of time.

Front 24

kVp (Kilovoltage Peak):

Back 24

kVp (Kilovoltage Peak):

Controls speed of electron acceleration and thus the penetrability of the beam (noted as kVp)

Adjustment affects contrast
Long scale = many shades of gray
Short scale = black/white with few shades of gray

Front 25

Contrast:

Back 25

Contrast:

Differences in radiographic density between adjacent areas (such as organ wall and inside organ)

Front 26

Average setting of kVp:

Back 26

Average setting of kVp:

40-120 kVp

Front 27

Milliamperage (Low Voltage):

Back 27

Milliamperage (Low Voltage):

Controls electrical potential and volume or total number of electrons created and thus volume of xrays (noted as mA)

Front 28

Adjusting the mA:

Back 28

Adjusting the mA:

Affects density
-How black are black areas
-Overall blackness of film

Front 29

Average setting in vet radiology mA:

Back 29

Average setting in vet radiology mA:

150-300 mA
(some machines as high as 500)

Front 30

Exposure time:

Back 30

Exposure time:

mA(s)
The amount of time the beam is penetrating

Shorter time setting = less radiation exposure to patient

However.. detail is reduced with a shorter exposure time
patients do not always hold still so less time will result in less blur = better quality

Average setting 2.0-10.0 mAs

Front 31

Focal Film Distance (FFD)

Back 31

Focal Film Distance (FFD)

Source Image Distance (SID)
Distance from the xray tube to the film
Standard in veterinary medicine is 40"
Standard with portable mechine is 26"

Front 32

Who discovered the electrical current?:

Back 32

Who discovered the electrical current?:

Andre M. Ampere

Front 33

Radiation effects on body:

Back 33

Radiation effects on body:

None - pass through without effect
Repairable cell damage
Non-repairable cell damage
Kill the cell

Front 34

Somatic Radiation Effect:

Back 34

Somatic Radiation Effect:

Occurring within the lifetime of the individual

(Seeing it or not)

Front 35

Genetic Radiation Effect:

Back 35

Genetic Radiation Effect:

Occurring in the future generations
Potentially carcinogenic effects
Doses of radiation are cumulative over a lifetime

Front 36

Radiation effects on tissues:

Back 36

Radiation effects on tissues:

Lymphatic (immune system)
Blood forming tissues (marrow, thymus, spleen)
Thyroid gland
Eyes
Reproductive organs
Developing fetus
Intestinal epithelium
Skin

Front 37

Exposure Terminology
Doses of Ionizing Radiation:

Roentgen-R

Back 37

Exposure Terminology
Doses of Ionizing Radiation:

Roentgen-R

A measure of radiation exposure of xray machine output

Front 38

Radiation Absorbed Dose:

Back 38

Radiation Absorbed Dose:

rad

Amount of ionizing radiation by xrays only
Gray (Gy) is used to define rad - Gy = 100 rad

Front 39

Roentgen equivalent man - rem:

Back 39

Roentgen equivalent man - rem:

Amount of ionizing radiation exposure taking into account different sources and biological effect.

Sources other than xray machines
although 1 rad = 1 rem

Front 40

NCRP:

Back 40

NCRP:

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements

They recommend a maximum permissible dose (mpr) of 5rem/yr

Front 41

ALARA:

Back 41

ALARA:

"As Low as Reasonably Achievable"
Workplace Principles

Front 42

Sievert:

Back 42

Sievert:

(SV) is used to define a rem - 1Sv = 100 rem

Front 43

Personal Radiation Monitoring:

Back 43

Personal Radiation Monitoring:

Dosimter or film badge

Front 44

Sources of Exposure:

Back 44

Sources of Exposure:

Primary Beam
Scatter Radiation
Xray tube Head (portable units)
Floroscopy

Front 45

Minimizing Exposure:

Back 45

Minimizing Exposure:

Increase Shielding
Increase Distance
Decrease Time

Front 46

Personal Protection Attire:

Back 46

Personal Protection Attire:

Apron & Gloves
Thyroid Guard
Lead Lined Goggles

Front 47

Xrays are a form of:

Back 47

Xrays are a form of:

Electromagnetic radiation

Front 48

3 forms of radiation:

Back 48

3 forms of radiation:

Gamma Rays
Radio Waves
Visible Light

Front 49

Define Wavelength:

Back 49

Define Wavelength:

Is the distance a wave can move in the time it takes to complete one cycle

Front 50

Wavelength is measured in:

Back 50

Wavelength is measured in:

nanometers
typically xrays are 0.05 nm - 0.01nm

Front 51

Define Quanta:

Back 51

Define Quanta:

Small packets of energy

Front 52

Describe how xrays are generated in the xray machine:

Back 52

Describe how xrays are generated in the xray machine:

Xrays are generated when fast moving electrons collide with any form of matter

Front 53

The negatively charged side of the xray tube is the:

Back 53

The negatively charged side of the xray tube is the:

Cathode

Front 54

Concerning the electron interaction with the target, how much results in heat and in xray generation?:

Back 54

Concerning the electron interaction with the target, how much results in heat and in xray generation?:

99% heat
1% in xray generation

Front 55

Small effective focal spots produce what and lack what:

Back 55

Small effective focal spots produce what and lack what:

Better detail but lack the ability to dissipate heat

Front 56

When would you chose the small focal spot over the large focal spot?:

Back 56

When would you chose the small focal spot over the large focal spot?:

To increase detail on a smaller focal spot.

Front 57

State the significance between a rotating anode and a stationary anode:

Back 57

State the significance between a rotating anode and a stationary anode:

Stationary anode are used in low output machine while rotating anode is for high output.

Front 58

What is tube overload and what damage can is cause?:

Back 58

What is tube overload and what damage can is cause?:

Occurs when the combined kVp and mAs are too high causing too much heat resulting in the anode to crack.

Front 59

What is tube saturation and what damage does it cause?:

Back 59

What is tube saturation and what damage does it cause?:

Occurs when the positive potential between the cathode and anode is insufficient to pill all the electrons across the tube. An electroplating of the glass tube housing the tube will crack and be destroyed.

Front 60

How can you take advantages of the anode heel effect?:

Back 60

How can you take advantages of the anode heel effect?:

The anode heel effect is an advantage when radiographing areas of unequal thickness such as the thorax or abdomen, which provides more film density.

Front 61

The three basic xray machine controls that a use must adjust to radiograph are?:

Back 61

The three basic xray machine controls that a use must adjust to radiograph are?:

kVp, mA, and exposure time.

Front 62

List the two types of electrical circuits present in every xray tube:

Back 62

List the two types of electrical circuits present in every xray tube:

Cathode and Anode?

Front 63

Define the variables used in choosing xray equipment:

Back 63

Define the variables used in choosing xray equipment:

The needs of an individual
Practice
Species majority
Caseloads
Degree of technology required

Front 64

What are the "big three" of radiation safety?:

Back 64

What are the "big three" of radiation safety?:

Time, distance, and shielding

Front 65

Cathode:

Back 65

Cathode:

Site of electron generation in xray tube. Contains a filament consisting of a tightly coiled tungsten wire. As current is applied to the filament, electrons are "boiled off" and become available to be accelerated toward the anode.

Front 66

Anode:

Back 66

Anode:

Site of xray generation in xray tube. Contains a tungsten metal plate on which electrons are focused.

Front 67

Actual Focal Point:

Back 67

Actual Focal Point:

Site on the anode where the electrons are focused. The focal spot is oriented at an 11- to 20-degree angle.

Front 68

Effective Focal Spot:

Back 68

Effective Focal Spot:

The effective focal spot is the actual focal spot as it would be viewed from the position of the film.

Front 69

Heel Effect:

Back 69

Heel Effect:

Uneven distribution of the xray beam intensity emitted from xray tube

Front 70

Radiographic Density:

Back 70

Radiographic Density:

Degree of blackness on a finished radiograph

Front 71

Radiographic Contrast:

Back 71

Radiographic Contrast:

Differences in radiographic density between adjacent areas on the radiographic image

Front 72

Kilovoltage Peak:

Back 72

Kilovoltage Peak:

Voltage applied between the cathod and anode. Increasing the kVp results in a shorter wavelength xray beam that is more penetrating.

Front 73

Milliamperage:

Back 73

Milliamperage:

Contrast the number of electrons generated at the filament of the cathode, increasing the number of xrays produced

Front 74

Focal Film Distance:

Back 74

Focal Film Distance:

Distance from the object being imaged to the recording surface

Front 75

Dosimetry:

Back 75

Dosimetry:

Method used to measure ionizing radiation exposure to personnel

Front 76

Maximum Permissible Dose:

Back 76

Maximum Permissible Dose:

To not exceed 5 rem or 0.05 Sv. Individual organs should not exceed 50 rem or 0.5 Sv, and the lenses of the eyes should not exceed 1.5 rem or 0.15 Sv. per year.

Front 77

Scatter Radiation:

Back 77

Scatter Radiation:

Longer wavelength xray that has no usefulness to the formation of the image, results in a usefulness to the formation of the image. Results in a great decrease in the contrast on the finished radiograph.

Front 78

rem:

Back 78

rem:

Unit of measurement of the absorbed dose of ionizing radiation