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VTMC 337 Midterm

Vtmc 337 Midterm

by bbg49413, Sep. 2006

Subjects: medicine microbiology pathology veterinary

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	EVOLUTION OF BACTERIA...	Selection driven by use of antibiotics Exchange of Plasmids `` increased stocking density `` transport between populations over long distances
	EVOLUTION OF HOSTS	Selection for Performance `` changes in immunity `` changes in susceptability
	KOCH'S POSTULATES SHAKY BECAUSE	Some species hard to isolate or culture Some animals silent carriers
	INFECTIOUS DISEASES..	Complex interatiions between `` host `` pathogen `` environment
	PATHOGENICITY...	Rare in Bacteria < 3% are primary pathogens Most successful bacteria are NOT pathogens
	PATTERNS OF SOME BACTERIA AND FUNGAL INFECTIONS...	Are changeing over time Hard to explain Related to Host Changes `` immunity `` genetics Related to Microbe Changes `` anitbiotic use - tf selection `` loss of virulence Related to Environment Changes `` husbandry practices
	PATHOGEN WHAT IS IT TYPES	An organism which can cause Disease Obligate Primary Opportunist Nonpahogen
	OBLIGATE PATHOGEN	Infectious: 3 - 10 Host predisposition: - Virulence: ++++ Disease: Distinct Habitat Diseased or carrier
	PRIMARY PATHOGEN	Infectious: 100 - 10 to 5 Host predisposition: + Virulence: +++ Disease: Distinct Habitat: carrier
	OPPORTUNIST PATHOGEN	Infectious: > 10 to 5 Host predisposition: ++ Virulence: + Disease: Nonspecific Habitat: Normal Flora
	NONPATHGEN PATHOGEN	Infectious: > 10 to 6 Host predisposition: ++++ Virulence: + / - Disease: Nonspecific Habitat: Normal Flora
	CONTAGIOUS	Spread of pathogen from HOST to HOST `` directly `` indirectly
	INFECTION	Presenxe of a potentially pathogenic organism Infection does not necessarily imply disease
	ALL INFECTIOUS DISEASES ARE CONTAGIOUS T/F	False
	VIRULENCE	Degree of pathogenicity `` ie severity of disease Low numbers cause disease High rate of reproduction Strain + Host + Susceptability Factors `` minor changes in host defenses create major change in apparent virulence ~~ ie some enteric pathogens
	PROBIOTIC	Good bacteria that out competes bad bacteria
	PATHOGENESIS	Mechanisms by which bacteria / fungi cause disease `` includes HOST response to infection Knowing molecular basis `` diagnostic measures `` control measures
	INFECTIVITY	Colonizing Ability
	VIRULENCE FACTORS	Determinants of bacteria / fungi which cause disease Bacterial Virulence `` polygenic ie multifactorial
	ATTENUATION	Process of diminishing virulence of organism Common in developing vaccinations Note - Attenuation = LIVE
	PREDISPOSITION	Predisposing Factors `` make individuals / groups particularly susceptable to infectious diseas Shipping Fever - Mannhemia haemolytica `` develops only when all environmental factors are fullfilled
	PATHOGENIC BACTERIA 10 KEY SECRET AGENT SKILLS	Enter body of Host Attain unique Niche Avoid, Subvert or Circumvent Host Defences Evade Acquired Specific Immune Responses Multiply or Persist Cause Tissue Damage or Disease Exit Host Transmit Infection to New Host
	TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME	Response of host defenses to Superantigen Superantigen produced by bacteria `` binds T Cell receptors at variable region (nonspecific) to antigen presenting cells `` tf high number of T cells activated `` `` ie 10to5 - 10to6 vs 1 in 10to5 `` tf release of Cytokine Storm Differences in variable region in individuals `` individual response to superantigen
	REPRODUCTIVE RATES	E. coli in vitro `` 20 - 30 min Clostridium perfinges `` 6 min `` gas producer Pathogens tend to have higher growth rates However Mycobacterium paratuberculosis `` 18 hrs `` tf chronic disease
	BACTERIAL VIRULENCE 9 CONCEPTS	Associate with Host Multiply to Significant Numbers `` via Attachement `` via Invasion Evade Host Defenses Cause Damage `` via Toxin Production `` `` Exotoxin `` `` Endotoxin `` via Host Response `` `` to presence of bacteria `` `` immune mediated damage
	EPITHELIAL CELL INVASION GENERAL ASPECTS IN 3 STAGES	STAGE 1 Access to Mucosa `` competion with commensals `` resistance to host defenses Adherence STAGE 2 Cell Damage Colonization `` cell penetration `` intracellular proliferation `` lateral spread `` `` cell damage STAGE 3 Entry into blood stream and lymph `` resistance to host defenses `` proliferation Systemic Spread
	BACTERIAL DAMAGE TO HOST	Exotoxins `` local `` specific effects via specific receptors `` Inflammatory response to structural components `` `` cytokines Endotoxins `` systemic G-ve `` Type I Anaphalaxis `` cytokines Immune mediated damage
	NEUROTOXINS TETANUS	Cell Wall Peptidoglycan Type II Cytotoxic
	HEMOLYSINS	Lipoteichoic Acid `` inflamation Type III - Immune Complex
	LEUCOCIDINS	Type III - Immune Complex
	ENTEROTOXINS	Type IV - Delayed Hypersensitivity
	SPECIFICITY	Driven by receptor presence `` Species `` Organ Some bacteria are `` specific `` `` Strep equi, suis, canis `` `` Strep equi - throat `` `` Microsporum canis - skin `` `` E. coli - intestine `` some are not Each host has 20 - 30 pathogens which cause host limited disease The rest of pathogens are broad host range
	NON SPECIFIC HOST DEFENSES 2 LINES IN THE CORPORAL SAND	First Line Defenses `` Surfaces Second Line Defenses `` Within Host Tissue
	FIRST LINE DEFENSES 14 IN 3 CLASSES	PHYSICAL BARRIERS `` Skin `` Mucus `` Mucosal Epi shedding `` Peristalsis `` Urination `` Defecation `` Sneezing `` Mucocilary Elevator CHEMICAL FACTORS `` Stomach pH `` Unsaturated Fatty Acids - Skin `` Lysozyme `` `` Tears `` `` Saliva `` `` Nose MICROBIAL ANTAGONISM `` cheer on the home team
	SECOND LINE DEFENSES 10 IN 3 CLASSES	ANTIBACERIAL PEPTIDES `` complement lytic complexes `` complement IgG opsonization `` transferrin `` `` sequesters iron TISSUE PHAGOCYTES INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE `` vasodilation tf leakage `` `` fibrin `` `` immunoglobin `` `` complement `` `` phagocytes `` systemic mobilization of phagocytes
	SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSE 2 TYPES TARGETING WHO	TYPE 1 CELLULAR `` Intracellular Bacteria `` viruses `` Intracellular protozoa TYPE II HUMORAL - Antibodies `` Extracellular Bacteria `` Helminths
	GENERAL HOST STATES THE G8	Genetic Makeup of Host `` some hosts have increased resistance `` `` ie increase number / diversity of AntiBodies Nutritional State `` low Se = high mastitis `` a few pathogens target well fed fast growing animals `` `` Clostridium perfinges Sex `` Brucella abortus `` `` dormant in lymph nodes `` `` gestation - erythrolytic Pollution `` ie ammonia gas in barns / stalls `` `` respiratory problems Mycotoxins `` some fungi produce immune suppressors Foreign Bodies `` chronic source of infection `` relapses `` bacteria protected from lymphocytes in microcrevices `` water filled capsules `` `` phagocytes hydrophobic `` biofilm breaks off forming secondary foci of infection Age `` neonates immature immune systems `` `` foals low interferon for 6 months `` `` `` tf low cell mediated `` aged `` `` reduced immune systems `` `` increased number of recptors Stress `` vastly over rated and undefined `` ok... `` sudden changes in feed composition
	HOST DEFENSES EVASION	Resist NonSpecific Host Defenses `` Phagocytosis `` `` capsules 90% H20 `` `` phagocytes hydrophobic `` `` tf require AB to bind - typically 7 days `` `` other surface components interfere with binding `` Complement `` `` long LPS chains prevent complement cascade from reaching `` `` LPS detaches after 5 - 6 components `` `` `` tf before complement cascade complete Resist Specific Host Defenses `` Antibody Resistance `` `` secrete proteases which destroy AB `` `` Antigenic variation in daughter cells `` `` `` tf 7 more days to build new antibody `` `` `` tf chronic disease
	CPNTAGIOUS DISEASE CONTROL MOTHERHOOD STATEMENT	Contagious disease often follows Multifactorial and Complex events `` tf no simple formula Control must be based on Understanding of `` Unique Host-Parasite Interactions
	DISEASE TRIAD ONE MORE TIME WITH KEY FACTORS	Pathogen `` Virulence `` Numbers Host `` General State `` Immunity `` Nutritional Stress Environment `` Temperature `` Humidity `` Stocking Rate `` Mixing `` Associated Pathogens
	AUTOGENOUS VACCINES	Culture Specific Pathogen strain(s) from affected farm `` will contain specific virulence factors Kill with fomalin `` vaccintate animals Effective for a few years before requiring updates Usually do not do PCR to identify specific virulence factor `` that job is left up to the immune system `` `` ie immune system will have strongest response to most antigenic factors
	SOURCES OF INFECTION 3	Endogenous Orgranisms `` opportunistically pathogenic members of the normal flora Diseased Animals `` incubating `` sick `` recovered carriers `` primary or obligate pathogens Exogenous Sources `` free living organisms `` ie Bacillus anthracis
	CARRIERS DEFINITION	Individuals that discharge virulent organisms `` via excretions `` apparently normal `` hard to detect
	CARRIERS 4 TYPES 4 EXAMPLES	Active `` sick animal `` Johne's Disease - Colibacillosis Passive `` recovered or colonized animal `` Salmonella `` `` stressed pigs Transient `` organism not established `` temporarily colonized `` Shigella spp `` `` dog drinks from toilet bowl Latent `` present in body `` shed only when immunocompromised `` Mycobacterium bovis
	ROUTES OF INFECTION	Direct `` Animal to Animal `` Horizontal `` `` ingestion `` `` inhalation `` `` genital `` `` skin `` Vertical `` `` dam to offspring `` `` `` via egg, fetus, vagina `` `` sire to offspring `` `` `` via semen Indirect `` air `` water `` bedding `` Vectors `` `` insects `` fomites `` `` Weams boots in the poultry centre
	INFECTIOUS DISEASE CONTROL 5 KEY ELEMENTS	Detection and Eradication of Carriers Isolation and Treatment of Sick Animals Environmental Eradication or Control Decrease Frequency of Contacts Increase Resistence `` Non Specific `` `` Increase
	INCREASE RESISTANCE 4 WAYS	Non Specific `` Increase non specific resistance `` `` immune modulators `` `` micro nutrients `` `` `` Vit A, Se etc `` Control INtercurrent Disease `` `` eliminate primary virus or bacteria `` `` tf avoid secondary infection `` `` ie clostridum perfungens = diarrhea `` `` `` + parvo virus = death Specific `` Vaccination `` Genetic selection for resistance
	STAPHYLOCOCCI DEFINITION	Spherical or Ovoid G+ Grapelike Clusters `` broth or fluid 1 micrometer dia Culture - Blood Agar `` white to golden colonies `` 1 - 2 mm dia @ 18hrs & 37deg `` smooth cirular and opaque `` Hemolysis `` ``some not at 24 hrs or at all `` `` incomplete `` `` `` 2 or 3 zones of hemolysis `` Faculative Anaerobe
	STAPHYLOCOCCI VETERINARY SPECIES 4	Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus intermedius Staphylococcus hyicus Staphylococcus epidermidis
	STAPHYLOCOCCI HABITAT	Ubiquitous `` commensals `` saprophytes `` `` (live on inanimate mediums such as my brain) `` skin `` mucosal surfaces Cat and Dog spp similar to human `` tf cross infection
	STAPHYLOCOCCI PATHOGENICITY	Pyogenic `` pus forming Require predisposing factors to produce disease `` must overcome host defenses `` trauma to skin or mucosa `` can then travel in blood and seed other sites
	STAPHYLOCOCCI COAGULASE	Useful criterion of potential pathogenicity Positive tend to be pathogenic `` Dogs - Coagulase+ 95% Stap intermedius `` Bovine - Coagulase+ 90% Staph aureus `` Equine - Coagulase+ 90% Staph aureus `` Feline - Coagulase+ 90% Staph intermedius Note many Staph spp are Coagulase-
	STAPHYLOCOCCI RESISTANCE	Long survival in environment `` resiste desication for weeks `` 4 months in dry pus `` `` tf transmission via flys to damaged skin `` survive 12% NaCl & 1% phenol for 15 mins
	STAPHYLOCOCCI MAJOR PATHGENIC FACTORS 3	Cellular Toxins Enzymes
	STAPHYLOCOCCI CELLULAR PATHOGENIC FACTORS 6	Peptidoglycan `` inhibist leukocyte migration `` dermonecrotic `` activates complement Teichoic Acids `` adherence to mucosal surfaces `` activates complement Fibronectin Binding Sites `` enhances adherence to tissues `` `` exposed dermis `` Protein A `` antiphagocytic `` `` binds to Fx frogment of opsonization site of antibody `` `` `` tf cant bind phagocyte `` fixes complement Capsule `` antiphagocytic Staphyloferrin B `` siderophore `` `` ie steals Fe from transferrin
	STAPHYLOCOCCI TOXIN PATHOGENIC FACTORS 6	Alpha Toxin (phage mediated) `` complete hemolysis of sheep and rabit rbcs `` cytotoxic `` leucocytotic `` lyser of platelets `` disrupter of lysosomes `` muscle spasms ``histamine release `` dermonecrosis `` death Beta Toxin `` Incomplete hemolysis `` leukocyte damage `` necrosis Leucocidin `` leukocyte degranulation `` `` via membrane permability Enterotoxins `` A - Q ie 17 of em `` nausea `` vomiting `` diarrhea `` SUPERANTIGEN Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin `` enterotoxin F `` ptoent pyrogenic material `` SUPERANTIGEN `` over represented in mastitis strains Exfoliatin `` aka Stphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSS) `` damages stratum spinosum junctions `` `` intrepidermal seperation `` `` cleft between stratum corneum and underlying epidermis
	STAPHYLOCOCCI ENZYME PATHOGENIC FACTORS 8	Coagulase `` coagulates plasma Hyaluronidase `` diffusing factor - mucinase Nuclease `` DNase - destroys DNA Penicillinase `` destroys penicillin Protease `` destroys proteins Lipase `` destroys lipids `` tf skin damage Urease `` splits urea Spaphylokinase `` activator of fibrinolysis
	STAPHYLOCOCCI PATHOGENIC FACTORS PERSPECTIVE	Not all factors produced by all strains Quantitative variation in production amounst strains virulence cannot be explained in terms of a single factor Differetn virulaenc mechanisms come int play according to rout of invasion Express enzymes required for a particular environment
	STAPHYLOCOCCI HOST DEFENSES	Phagocytosis `` main `` tf if phagocyte deficits highly susceptible Antibody `` important Cell Mediated `` ??
	STAPHYLOCOCCI CATTLE	Mastitis most economically important Most common single cause Acute Inflammatory change `` peracute with rapid onset `` usually near parturition `` large toxin production `` `` alpha toxin `` `` fibrinolysin `` `` coagulase `` `` lukocidin `` massive necrosis of tissue `` `` tf taxaemia `` early severe febrile response `` `` abated if gangrenous Sublclincal Inflamatory Change `` most common Chronic Inflammatory Change `` increase in milk cell counts `` `` via neutrophil migration `` Botryomycosis `` `` chronic pyogranulomatous lesions `` `` ABs cannot penetrate
	STAPHYLOCOCCI SHEEP AND GOATS	Mastitis ala Cattle Ulcerative Dermatitis
	STAPHYLOCOCCI SWINE	Dermatitis aka Staphlylococcal acne `` Pigs uner 8 weeks `` small circumscribed pustules over much of boddy `` also bites on mammaries Mastitis `` acute `` chronic `` `` more common `` `` often botryomycotic
	STAPHYLOCOCCI POULTRY	S. aureus Subcutaneous absecesses of foot `` Bumblefoot `` synovitis `` arthritis `` osteomyelitis `` `` rare
	STAPHYLOCOCCI HORSES	Botryomycosis `` most common manifestation `` lesions in spermatic cord `` castration or penetrating wounds Dermatitis `` also common `` skin wounds `` photosensitivity
	STAPHYLOCOCCI DOGS	Otits Externa `` infection of external ear `` Inflammation of Subcutaneous Glands and Tissues Infection of Skin Glands `` local cellulitis `` hyperplasia of skin `` `` furunculosis Canine Pyoderma `` juvinile pyoderm `` folliculitis `` cell and AB mediated allery involved in pathogenesis Cystitis `` sproadically associated with `` `` Staph aureus `` Staph intermedius `` susceptiblity `` `` skin folds `` `` german shepards SSS `` generalized exfoliative dermatitis Infection of
	STAPHYLOCOCCI CATS	Secondary Skin Infections SSS `` generalized exfoliative Dermatitis
	STAPHYLOCOCCI RABBITS	Exudative Dermatitis Pyemia `` septicimia in which secondary foci of suppuration occur and multiple abscesses are formed
	STAPHYLOCOCCI EPIDEMIOLOGY	Widespread in Animal Environment Transmission from cow to cow via teat cup liners `` Development of clinical disease frequently depends on exposure of tissues to stress factors `` `` recent parturition `` `` improperly functioning milk machines Humans are Carriers `` Nose `` hands `` clothes Endogenous Disease `` pyoderma `` otis externa `` urinary tract infections
	STAPHYLOCOCCI IMMUNITY	Toxoid or whole cell vaccines `` some protective immunity `` killed s. aureus `` `` IgG1 but poor opsonization receptors `` live s. aureus `` `` IgG2 matches virulence factors `` beware of claims fo bacterins for dairy herds Animals recoverd froms tphylocoaccal infections `` DO NOT acquire long lasting resistance `` Humoral requires high quantiy of appropriate class and subclass AB `` cell mediated is quesitonable Endogenous Vaccines may tilt to cell mediated `` tf produce long lasting immunity
	BACTERIN	Vaccine consisting of killed bacteria
	STAPHYLOCOCCI THERAPY	Conduct Sensitivity Test First `` except for ultra acute disease Chronic Disease `` expect failure `` `` fibrous encapsulated deep seated lesions `` `` prolonged treatment 7 - 11 days Many strains are Penicillin Resistant Resistance to ohter ABs `` aminoglycosides `` tetracyclines `` macrolides `` lincosamides `` streptogranins `` not as disseminated as human strains `` increases in resistance reported
	STAPHYLOCOCCI HUMAN INFECTION	Dog Bites `` high incidence of MRSA (methicillin resistant staph aureus) Deep Skin Lesions `` via cattle and sheep In general intra species spread is limited `` host specificity
	STAPHYLOCOCCI FOOD POISONING	Stphylococcal Enterotoxin `` secondary contamination of food with human staph `` occasionally animal staph sp
	STAPHYLOCOCCI STPHYLOCOCCUS HYICUS	Exudative Epidermitis aka greasy pig disease `` Affects very young pigs ``Hair Follicles and Sweat Glands `` `` excessive sebaceous secretion `` `` exfoliation `` `` inflammatory exudate `` `` parakeratosis and edema ``Oedematus Cnanges `` `` kidney pelvis `` `` ureters `` `` NOT bladder Eye Infections in Avians `` associated with coliforms Source is usually carrier
	STAPHYLOCOCCI STPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS	Coagulase Negative !!! Low grade subclinical Mastitis in Cattle `` frequently found in high cell count milk `` may enable infected quarter to withstand infection by other pathogens `` `` E. coli `` `` Strep agalactiae Other staphylococci species are sometimes cause of mastitis `` ie staph xylosus
	STAPHYLOCOCCI DIAGNOSIS	Direct Smears helpful Culture Biochemical Tests And of course the ubiquitous potential significance of `` isolation of other Staphylococcus spescies in high numbers and / or pure culture
	STREPTOCOCCUS	sperical or ovoid Gram + Chains or pairs ` long chains in broth Aerobic / Facultatively anaerobic Pathogenic species fement carbs Catalase Neg
	STREPTOCOCCUS CULTURE	Beta Hemolytic strep `` are more fastidious in growth requirement `` generally more virulent `` blood, serum or animal protein in media small delicate colonies `` 1 mm dia `` smooth `` glistening `` some produce a mucoid capsule
	STREPTOCOCCUS HABITAT	Commensuals or Parasites `` mucous memb `` `` URT `` `` Lower Genital tract `` `` skin `` `` alimentary tract (enterococci)
	HAEMOLYSIS 3	Alpha `` greenish discoloration Beta `` wide zone of complete lysis of rbcs `` medium becomes transparent Gamma `` no haemolysis
	STREPTOCOCCUS ANTIGEN STRUCTURE	Capsule polysaccharide Cell Wall Protein Antigens `` M `` `` can be shed `` T `` R Group Carbohydrate `` aka Lancefield groups `` A to V Peptidoglycan `` inflammation
	STREPTOCOCCUS CELLULAR VIRULENCE FACTORS	Hyaluronic Acid Capsule `` host recognizes as self `` antiphagocytic `` `` T. pyogenes, S. equi `` once #s are high turns off expression to save energy `` `` dry small colonies M Protein `` > antigenic types `` `` tf specific locations ie S. equi Equine Respiratory `` adherence `` antiphocytic Peptidoglycan `` inflammation `` fever `` lymphocte proliferation `` dermonectrotic
	STREPTOCOCCUS EXTRACELLULAR VIRULENCE FACTORS	Streptolysin O `` lethal for mice, rabbits, guinea pigs `` oxygen labile `` Leukotoxic `` `` PMNs and macrophages `` `` tf increased host susceptability Streptolysin S `` wide zone of haemolysis on aerobic plates `` oxygen stable `` Leukotoxic Steptokinase `` lysis of fibrin Dexoyribonuclease `` may liquify viscous inflammatory exudeate `` `` tf aids dissemination Hyaluronidase `` dissemination factor `` favars invasion of tissues
	STREPTOCOCCUS SEROLOGICAL GROUPS	Group A and B Lancefield via percipitin test `` based on dominant carb C susbstance antigens
	STREPTOCOCCUS S. pyogenes Group A	Mainly Human Pathogen `` septic sore throat `` scarlet fever Necrotizing Fascilitis Toxic Shock like syndrome
	STREPTOCOCCUS BOVINE MASTITIS S. agalctiae	Strep. agalactiae (Group B) `` typical long coccal chain `` Beta haemolytic `` `` narrow zone `` `` some strains non haemolytic ``CAMP phenomenon positive `` `` arrowhead appearance `` `` zone of incomplete straph. aureus haemolysis `` `` completely lysed by steptococcal haemolysin Pathogenicity `` chronic bovine mastitis `` first attack inflammation `` some fibrosis `` subsequent attacks replace secretatory tissue with fibrous CT `` rarely subacute `` increased cell milk count Laboratory Diagnosis `` CAMP positive Transmission `` survives poorly outside of udder `` tranmsission directtly to teat `` `` hands `` `` teat cup liners `` occasionally indiredt Immunity `` increasing frequency with age `` chronic mild mastitis `` `` fibrotic change `` `` watery milk `` `` tf no age immunity Therapy `` penicillin and many other antibiotics `` `` low development of resistance `` failure of treatment clinical cases `` lack of AM penetration in lesions `` `` blockage of duct `` `` `` shrinkage of peri ductal fibrous tissue `` `` `` proliferation of ductal epithelium `` `` `` or both Human Infection `` rarely infects humans `` neonatal `` `` septicemia `` `` meningitis `` most human strains DISSIMILAR to bovine strains
	STREPTOCOCCUS BOVINE MASTITIS Strep. dysgalactiae	Step. dysgalactiae (Group C, G, L) Non haemolytic or narrow alpha zone Location `` udder `` and other sites, vagina, tonsil More acute than Strep. agalactiae but rarely systemic Often in association with `` Arcanobacterium pyogenes `` Peptostreptoccus indolicus `` faculative anaerobes `` `` tf bad smell `` "Summer Mastitis" `` `` also winter Transmission `` flies transmit via exudate Treatment `` penicillin per Strep. agalactiae flies
	STREPTOCOCCUS BOVINE MASTITIS Strep. uberis	Steptococcus uberis alpha or gamma haemolytic `` CAMP-Esculin media `` `` Esculin Split `` `` 10% strains CAMP positive Location `` skin of udder `` feces `` tonsil `` rumen `` soil `` `` can reproduce in hay and soil `` `` tf high enviro #s sporadic cases of mastitis `` "environmental mastitis" Transmission `` occasionally moderately widespread in herd `` stress factors `` `` post parturient Pathogenicity `` acute mastits `` `` soon overcome `` `` udder appears to revert to normal Treatment `` penicillin per Strep. agalactiae
	STREPTOCOCCUS Strep. bovis	Streptococcus bovis (Group D) `` present in mouth and GI Cattle `` exessive quantities in rumen `` `` lactic acidosis `` maybe invoved in feed bloat `` `` polysaccaride capsule increases `` `` `` viscosity `` `` `` foaming properties
	STREPTOCOCCUS Strep. equi equi	Steptococcus equi equi (Group C) Colonies `` Wide zone beta haemolysis `` larger `` honey coloured `` viscous (when capsulated) Pathogenicity `` Specifically an Equine pathogen `` abscesses in lymph nodes (STRANGLES) `` `` especially head `` `` lungs and nasal cavity may be involved `` highly contagious `` high (up to 100%) morbidity `` low mortality `` Sequelae `` `` pupura hemorrhagica `` `` `` type II sensitivity `` `` `` appears 2 - 3 weeks after apparent recovery Immunity `` usually good but temporary after natural disease Therapy `` normally sensitive to penicillin `` AM cannot penetrate abscesses `` `` tf draining of abscesses may be neccessary
	STREPTOCOCCUS Strep. equi zooepidemicus	Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus (Group C) Colonies `` Wide zone beta haemolysis `` tiny < 1 mm Variety of nonspecific infections in horses `` ie #1 infection `` `` trachea `` `` wounds `` `` eyes `` #2 infection `` `` pleura `` `` post op `` `` umbilicus `` `` uterus `` joint infections `` `` very difficult to treat in bone Also cattle, guinea pigs, rabbits Important in Western Can Pigs Occasional cases of human infection reported
	STREPTOCOCCUS Strep. porcinus	Streptococcus procinus (Groups E, P, U, V) Pathogenicity `` Cervical lymphadenitis `` `` aka jowl abscess `` `` aka swine strangles `` pneumania `` septicaemia Midwest USofA mainly `` rare in Canada
	STREPTOCOCCUS Strep. suis	Streptoccus suis 35 casule serotypes recognized `` many possess Group D antigen `` but homogeneous spp. `` `` tf not part of general Group D Colonie `` alpha haemolytic Virulence Factors `` Capsule `` `` antiphagocytic `` `` adherence `` intracellular survival in non activated macrophages `` pili via aderence? Resistance `` survives in feces up `` `` 100 days at 0 deg C `` `` 21 days at 9 deg C `` rapidly inactivated by disinfectants and cleansers Affected Species `` mainly pigs `` `` esp 5 - 24 weeks `` rarely isolated from clinical specimens `` `` cats `` `` horses `` `` calves `` `` sheep `` `` goat `` some serotypes are important `` `` high mortality `` `` high morbidity `` `` zoonautics `` `` `` ie deafness in humans Pathogenesis Pigs `` intrapartum or Aerosol (flies) `` nasal cavities / tonsils `` ``` main source of dissemination `` mandibular lymph nodes `` `` stress via `` `` `` circovirus `` `` `` PRRS `` Septiciemia `` various organs `` often involves other bacteria Clinical Signs `` variable `` sudden death without signs `` high temp - 42.5 deg C `` anorexia `` deprssion `` ataxia `` paralysis `` paddling `` opisthotonos `` tremors `` convulsions `` blindness `` abortion Lesions - some of `` suppurative meningitis `` pneumonia `` arthritis (type 9) `` vegetative endocarditis `` necrotizing carditis `` polyserositis `` skin redding `` enlarged lymph nodes `` congestion of parenchymatous organs Diagnosis `` culture biochemical tests `` `` necropsy organs `` `` nasal, genital secretions `` heavy frowth of alpha haemolytic Strep from internal organs `` `` Major Alert Control `` minimize stress (ha ha) `` strategically medicate feed `` `` prior to known periods of heightened risk `` `` may just delay clinical cases `` depopluate and restock Treatment `` vaccination results uncertain `` `` autogenous `` `` `` pool joints, hearts, brains of several animals `` `` `` take samples away from lesions `` penicillin `` debridment of large amount of tissue Zoonosis `` mainly pig workers `` `` 80% of cases `` low mortality `` deafness 57% of cases `` risk of meningitis
	STREPTOCOCCUS DOGS AND CATS	Streptococcus canis (Group G) `` opportunistic pathogen `` new born puppies `` `` septicemia `` adult dogs and cats `` `` non specific diseases `` Necrotizing faciitis and toxic shock like syndrome `` `` local infection and sudden death `` `` `` usually constant pain `` `` `` treat via debridement of large amount of tissue `` `` `` Prior treatment with quinalone `` `` `` `` enable phage tf superantigen `` usually just abscesses Zoonosis `` dog and cat strains appear different from human
	STREPTOCOCCUS Enteroccocus spp.	Canine Urinary tract GI tract of man and animals Increasing importance in nosocomial infections Septicemia in Chickens Antimicrobial Resistance `` major problem in humans `` esp Enterococcus vancomycin resistance (VRE) Enterococcus durans `` recently described in diarrheic illness `` foals `` calves Streptococcus pneumonia `` 80 types `` 50% mortality in humans `` primarily human pathogen `` meningitis in calves `` mastitis cows `` occasional pneumonia `` `` calves `` `` dogs `` `` horses `` Monkeys - tf zoonosis `` `` pneumococcal pneumonia `` `` speticemia `` `` meningitis `` `` acute course high mortality `` Horses `` `` LRT inflammation `` `` URT commensual in some
	CORYNEBACTERIA	Gram Positive Chinese letter Palisade form Pleomorphism `` occasionally marked `` `` ressemble cocci Non sporing Animal Pathogins `` non motile `` pyogenic Aerobic or microaerophilic Veaded Staining `` metachromatic granules with methylene blue
	CORYNEBACTERIA Arcanobacterium pyogenes	aka Actinomyces pyogenes (old name) The MOST IMPORTANT OPPORTUNISTIC pathogen `` particularly cattle, sheep, goats, wild ruminants, pigs, horses `` rarely other domestics or man `` synergistic with Anaerobes `` `` enhances growth of F. necrophorum (anaerobe) `` `` `` tf volatile FA slows evasation of leukocytes `` `` `` toxins kill macrophages `` `` tf A. pyogenes tight with anaerobes `` `` `` via food for protection Culture `` Fastideous `` `` protein rich or serum `` aerobic and anaerobic `` not visible on blood agar until 36 - 48 hrs at 37 deg C `` Beta haemolytic `` small colonies `` no growth on MacConkey `` Gram + pleomorphic rods to cocci Virulence Factors `` poorly described `` A hemolysin `` `` lethal lab animals `` `` necrotizing skin lesions via intradermal innoculation `` polysin (cytolysin) `` several proteases Biochemical `` catalase negative Resistance `` poor `` easily killed `` `` heat (57 deg C) `` `` disinfectants `` `` drying Habitat `` mucous membranes and skin `` healthy sheep, cattle, swine `` opportunistic invader `` `` trauma `` `` bacteria `` `` viruses Pathogenicity `` triggered by stress or trauma `` local abscess `` pyemia `` suppurative process in any organ
	CORYNEBACTERIA Arcanobacterium pyogenes CATTLE	Suppurative processes in almost every tissue or organ `` esp if organ compromised Ofen found with other bacteria `` esp anaerobic `` `` F. necrophorum `` `` P. indolicus Lesions often found `` lungs `` `` secondary purulent bronchopneumonia follow virus `` `` `` Mycoplasma `` `` `` Pasteurella `` `` `` Mannheimia `` `` `` parasitic infection `` Liver `` `` abscesses `` `` F. necrophorum more common in cattle `` Uterus `` `` abortion `` `` purulent metritis `` Joints `` `` young calves `` `` `` post umbilical infection `` `` adults `` `` `` post metritis or mastitis `` Heart `` `` endocarditis `` `` myocarditis `` `` traumautic pericarditis `` Bone Marrow `` `` young calves `` `` `` osteomyelitis post umbliliculitis `` `` adults `` `` `` vertebae post foot lesions `` Sinuses `` `` frontal purulent post dehorning `` Vesicular semminitis `` Mastitis `` `` rare lactating cow `` `` Dry Cow or Heifer associated with `` `` `` Strep. dysgalactiae and/or P. indolicus `` Abortions `` `` high #s in abomasal fluid
	CORYNEBACTERIA Arcanobacterium pyogenes Sheep and Goat	Lung `` secondary purulent bronchopneumonia following `` `` Mycoplasma `` `` Pasteurella `` `` Mannheimia `` `` parasitic infection Joint and Foot infections Occasionally causes abortion
	CORYNEBACTERIA Arcanobacterium pyogenes SWINE	Lung `` secondary purulent bronchopneumonia following `` `` Mycoplasma `` `` Pasteurella `` `` Mannheimia `` `` parasitic infection Subcutaneous abscesses `` associated with skin trauma ie tail biting `` development of pyaemia and production of secondary lesions `` `` lungs `` `` bone marrow Metritis `` post partum `` purulent
	CORYNEBACTERIA Arcanobacterium pyogenes	Epidemiology `` survives on `` `` normal mucous membrane `` `` skin `` mainly opportunistic pathogen Diagnosis `` gram stain `` `` G+ rods to cocci `` `` palisade - Chinese letters `` culture Immunity `` toxoid used with limited results in prevention of infection `` whole culture antigens (bacterins) `` `` limited value Treatment `` penicillin normally quite effective in vitro `` `` may be infective in vivo `` `` `` must penetrate fibrous capsule and pus `` drainage is extremely important
	CORYNEBACTERIUM Renale Group	Corynebacterium renale Corynebacterium cystitidis Corynebacterium pilosum Specific invaders of unrinary tract of Cattle `` cystitis and pyelonephritis `` rarely found in other animals Serotypes vary in virulence by species - ie specificity `` C. pilosum `` `` cystitis but NOT pyelonephritis `` C. renale `` `` chronis cystitis AND pyelonephritis `` C. cystitidis `` `` chronis cystitis AND pyelonephritis `` `` clinically most severe `` `` most difficult to treat with AM agents C. pilosum and C. renale `` frequently found as normal flora `` `` lower urogenital tract healthy cows (rarely isolated) `` `` prepuce of bulls C. cystitidis `` `` normal flora prepuce of bulls Culture `` normal media `` blood agar and/or serum enhances growth `` G+ rods to cocci palisade Biochemical `` all 3 spp catalase + `` all 3 spp STRONG producers of urease Resistance `` probably low outsided of body Virulence Factors `` Pili `` `` adherence `` Urease `` `` produces ammonia `` `` `` inactivates complement `` `` `` direct tissue damage (pH 9) Pathogenesis `` adherence overcomes urinary washout `` `` enables ASCENDING urinary tract infection `` `` alkaline inflammation and tissue destruction `` incidenece of disease much higher in female than male `` `` higher postpartuent `` `` `` pressure effect of uterus reduces urine flow Epidemiology `` spread via external genitalia `` `` venereal `` `` tail to tail contact of purulent material `` `` `` via tail swishing during urination Diagnosis `` urine sediment showing `` `` typical organisms `` `` pus cells `` Culture #s important `` `` C. renale & C. pilosum `` `` `` normal flora `` `` `` `` tf > 100 cfu significant `` `` C. cystitidis `` `` `` not normal flora `` `` `` `` tf < 100 cfu Significant Treatment `` sensistive to penicillin `` chronic cases may need prolonged treatment `` moderate damage in bladder `` `` recurrence `` `` secondary infection `` `` `` Proteus `` `` `` E. coli `` `` `` Streptococci
	CORYNEBACTERIUM pseudotuberculosis	aka Corynebacterium ovis `` caseous lymphadenitis sheep and goats `` `` Thin Ewe Syndrome once visceral `` ulcerative lymphadinitis and deep abscesse of horses `` rarely lulcerativ and/or pyogranulomatous lesions bovine and alpaca Culture `` G+ rod to cocci `` `` palisade - Chinese Letter formation `` slightly haemolytic on blood agar `` colonies dry appearance Virulence Factors `` Surface Liped `` `` pervents or delays phagosome-lysosome fusion `` `` `` tf intraphagocyte survival (unactivated) `` `` `` Facultative Intracellular Parasite `` Exotoxin `` `` Phospholopase D aka Hemolysin `` `` `` hemolytic via increase in vascular permeability `` `` serine protease Restistance `` survives up to 2 months in environment `` `` esp moisture and organic material Pathogenicity `` Contagious Caseous Lymphadenitis Sheep `` Primary lesion `` `` most frequently in lymph nodes `` `` `` esp prescapular or prefemoral `` `` `` also liver, lungs and associated lymph nodes `` infection enters via `` `` damaged skin `` `` `` shearing, docking, castration, dipping `` `` respiratory Tract `` `` pyaemia may develop later `` Early Lesions `` `` soft greenish yellow pus `` `` followed by enlargement of lesion or lymphnode `` `` `` inspissated pus `` `` `` laid in concentric circles - onion `` `` oleder lesions are grey `` animals may remain in good condition despite lesions `` `` eventually become emaciated `` `` `` Thin Ewe Syndrome Diagnosis `` Typical Caseous Lesion `` `` almost pathonomic `` `` note similar lesion via Actinobacillus ligieresii `` `` `` differentiate via gram stain `` `` `` `` G- morse code `` sspirate lymph nodes `` `` organisms hard to find `` culture `` ELISA Immunity `` Cell mediated - major role `` also antitoxin antibodies Vaccine `` commercial vaccine `` `` sheep and goats `` `` reported good protection `` `` special adjuvants `` autogenous vaccines do not work well Treatment `` AM effective in vitro `` less effective in vivo `` `` penetration of absceses `` `` introcellular location `` low resistance `` hygiene `` isolation `` avoid rough food `` drain abscesses `` cull positives `` vaccinate `` disinfect wounds
	CORYNEBACTERIUM psuedotuburculosis HORSES	Ulcerative Lymphangitis in legs `` `` pus from lymphatic vessels on legs `` `` similar to reportable GLANDERS `` `` `` Burkholderia mallei `` `` `` G- Contagious Acne `` aka canadian Horse Pox `` `` uncommon folliculitis Chest abscesses `` pigeon chest via specific lymph node
	CORYNEBACTERIUM psuedotuburculosis CATTLE	Skin infections `` sporadic Mastitis `` sporadic
	CORYNEBACTERIUM psuedotuburculosis HUMAN	Lymphadenitis `` post animal contact `` few cases reported
	RHODOCOCCUS equi	Pyogenic organism `` mainly affects foals `` sproadic cases in many other spp. `` `` including human Culture `` Weakly G+ short rod to cocci `` sometimes partly acid fast `` non haemolytic `` mucoid colonies `` `` white at 24 hrs `` `` redish pink 14 - 72 hrs `` specific "shower" smell Resistance `` highly resistant to dessication Habitat `` soil organism `` feces of herbivores `` multiplies in well manured soils `` multipiles in foal intestine `` `` not completely anaerobic environment `` `` faculative aerobes `` `` `` survives but do not reproduce in anaerobic environment `` world wide distribution Virulence Factors `` strain variation `` Vap surface protein (A and B) `` intra macrophage survival via `` `` corynemycolic acids, phospholipids, glycolipids `` `` induce granuloma formation `` polysaccharide capsule `` `` inhibits pulmonary macrophage oxidative burst `` Exoenzymes aka equi factors `` `` phospholipase C `` `` cholesterol oxidase Pathogenicity `` Faculative Intracellular Parasite `` suppurative chronic bronchopneumonia `` `` mainly young foals (1 - 6 months) `` purulent infiltration of lymph nodes `` intestinal ulceration `` `` abscess fromation mesenteric lymph nodes `` swine `` `` submaxillary lymph nodes `` `` `` produce small abscesses `` `` sybmaxillar lymph nodes Epidemiology `` serious problem on endemic farms `` `` poor hygiene, old farms `` Morbidity up to 90% `` Mortality 5% Immunity `` ceell mediated and humoral `` only ACTIVATED macrophages kill efficiently `` ingestion and killing via PMN and macrophages `` `` significantly increased by presence of specific antibodies Diagnosis `` Radiograpy `` Direct Smear `` Culture `` ELISA `` PCR Treatment `` Erythromycin - rifampin Combination `` `` lipophilic prolonged treatment `` Clarithromycin and rifampin (?) `` Azithomycin `` Ceftiofur `` Tilmicosin `` `` high [lung] `` `` `` tf works despite high MIC Prevention `` Hygiene `` `` reduce environmental load is key `` EHV-2 predisposing factor `` Endemic Situations `` `` hyperimmune plasma `` `` prophylatic AM `` ensure colostrum intake `` dust control `` remove foals from contaminated grounds
	LISTERIA monocytogenes	G+ small rod `` 0.5 to 2 microm by 0.4 to 0.5 microm `` motile in broth cultures - 15 to 22 deg C `` grows 4 to 42 deg C `` non sporing Culture `` Aerobic `` Faculative Intracellular Parasite `` resembles Strep `` `` narrow zone of Beta Haemolysis (complete) `` 1 to 45 deg C `` pH 5.5 to 9 Biochemical `` CAMP reaction with Staph aureus `` Catalase + Resistance `` heat 62.5 deg C for 30 min `` culure media @ 4 deg C for 3 - 4 yrs `` hay, straw, sand earth, milk `` `` weeks to months Antigenic Structure `` Seven Serovars `` `` 1/2a, 1/2b, 4b most common in animals and humans Pathogenicity and Virulence Factors `` Listeriolysin O aks Hemolysin `` `` supports survival inside macrophages `` `` `` lyses phagosome `` stimulates increase in circulating monocytes `` `` esp rabbits - 30% increase `` conjunctival inoculation `` `` conjunctivitis in 24 - 48 hrs `` `` rabbits and guinea pigs Epidemiology `` widespread in environment `` isolated from grass silage `` `` pH >5 `` humans 70% in some areas `` bovine up to 15% `` ovine feces 40% `` sewage `` listerosis occurs more often in wither and spring `` public heath risk `` `` presence in healthy animals and milk Diagnosis `` gram and culture `` `` correlate with brain stem histopath `` cold enrichment enhances isolation Immunity `` cellular immunity mediated by `` `` T cells `` `` activated macrophages `` `` main defense `` meutrophis may play predominant early role `` Nonactivated macrophages `` `` do not control intracellular growth `` `` process and present antigens `` `` `` triggers production and release of lymphokines `` `` `` `` activates macrophages Vaccines `` killed vaccines have littel or no effect `` live avirulent vaccines `` `` promising results `` `` not available in Canada Treatment `` AM sometimes effective in early stages `` disease frequently diagnosed too late `` ampicillin very effective `` Tetracycline and Trimethoprim are syergistic Control `` avoid poor quality silage `` `` ie pH > 4.5 is bad
	LISTERIA monocytogenes Cattle and Sheep 3 Manifestations	Encephalitis Septicaemiia Abortion
	Listeria monocytogenes Cattle and Sheep Encephalitis	Usually seen as a sporadic condition `` epidemics have been described Pathogenesis `` associated with progression of infective agent alon branches of trigeminal nerve to brain `` encephalitis is progressive `` `` circling via more severe lesions on one side `` `` unilateral facial paralysis may be present `` `` death usually results in 2 - 4 days Necropsy `` gross lesions not obvious `` ``` meninges may be cloudy and conjested `` Histo `` `` suppurative meningo encephalitis `` `` perivascular cuffing `` `` `` mainly monomuclears `` `` `` microabscesses `` `` `` foci of necrosis `` `` `` gliosis `` `` `` may have large accumulations of neutrophisl `` `` medulla and pons most commonly involved Bacteria may or may not be detected in Gram stained sections Culture may be positive `` organisms few in number `` `` tf Cold Enrichment `` `` `` isolation by refrigeration of Nervous Tissue @ 4 deg C `` `` `` intervals up to 2 months
	Listeria monocytogenes Cattle and Sheep Septicemia	Young Ruminants or Monogastrics of all ages Enters through alimentary canal / rumen Death is rapid Multifocal Hepatitis may be seen
	Listeria monocytogenes Cattle and Sheep Abortion	Organism localized in uterus `` via bacteremia `` placentitis `` `` fetal septicemia `` `` `` abortion `` `` `` still birth `` `` `` sick neonate Sheep, cattle and other species Cattle `` abortion 4 - 8 months Sheep `` abortion terminal stages Normally cow or ewe little effected
	Listeria monocytogenes Cattle and Sheep Mastitis	Very rarely described in cattle
	Listeria monocytogenes Swine	Infection rarely reported in pigs Occasional cases of septicemia `` usually in young animals Very rarely nervous form Stillbirths and late abortions have also been recorded
	Listeria monocytogenes Poultry	Secondary to Primary Agent `` parasitic `` virus Carcass `` ofen debilitated `` edematous `` may be focal hepatitis `` may be necrotic myocarditis
	Listeria monocytogenes Other Animals	Described in more tha 50 species `` wild `` birds `` humans
	ERYSIPELOTHRIX 2 SPECIES	Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Erysiopelothrix tonsillarum
	ERYSIPELOTHRIX rhusiopathie Gen	Type species of genus > 24 serotypes recognized Primarily associated with infection of swine `` Swine Erysipelas Also disease in `` Lambs `` adult Sheep `` Turkeys Occasionally disease in `` cattle `` dogs `` mink `` horses `` avian spp `` mice `` human Present in surrounding slime of various fish
	ERYSIPELOTHRIX rhusiopathie Morph and Cult	G+ slender rod `` non motile `` encapulated `` `` more capsule = more virulence `` non sporing `` Aerobic `` `` faculative anaerobe `` rough and smooth forms Culture `` Smooth colony `` `` alpha (greenish) hemolytic `` `` no growth MacConkey `` `` 0.8 mm dia `` `` small straight rods `` `` organisms from ACUTE cases `` `` more virulent `` Rough colony `` `` alpha (greenish) hemolytic `` `` no growth MacConkey `` `` Pleomorphic and filamentous `` `` `` up to 60 microm `` `` organisms from `` `` `` chronic lesions `` `` `` repeated passage invitro of smooth `` `` less virulent than smooth
	ERYSIPELOTHRIX rhusiopathiae Biochem	Catalase Neg Generally H2S + in TSI Test tube brush growth on stab line `` gelatin 3 - 5 days @ 20 deg C
	ERYSIPELOTHRIX rhusiopathie Habitat	Soil `` up to 35 days @ 3 deg C `` 2 days @ 30 deg C `` esp pig housing Note pigs carry organism in tonsils `` shed in feces
	ERYSIPELOTHRIX rhusiopathiae Resistance	Resists `` drying `` pickling `` salting `` smoking Long survival in putrefying carcases Survive in feces `` up to 6 months
	ERYSIPELOTHRIX rhusiopathiae Virulence	Capsule `` antiphagocytic Neuraminidase `` production of enzyme may correlate with virulence
	ERYSIPELOTHRIX rhusiopathiae Pathogenicity - 4	Primarily Swine Acute Septicemia `` 3 - 12 months `` `` decline Maternal AB Subacute Skin Lesions `` urticarial aka DIAMOND `` AG/AB complexes in subQ vasculature `` almost pathonemonic `` similar to Swine Fever Virus `` `` also maintains appetite `` `` tf differentiate via penicillin Chronic `` Endocarditis `` arthritis Abortion Note `` course of disease depends markedly on `` `` virulence of strain `` `` resistance of host
	ERYSIPELOTHRIX rhusiopathiae Acute Disease	Clinical `` Fever `` Anorexia `` depression `` vomition `` stiff gait Frequently fatal if untreated Red Patches on skin `` esp ears, abdomen, medial thigh Spleen and Lymph nNodes `` enlarged `` reddened Mucosa of Stomach and Intestine `` inflammed `` sometimes hemmorrhagic `` may be ulcerated
	ERYSIPELOTHRIX rhusiopathiae Skin Form	Less Acute `` may recover without treatment DIAMOND SHAPED LESIONS `` red or purple `` may be elevated `` several cm `` back and abdomen `` May become necrotic
	ERYSIPELOTHRIX rhusiopathaie Chronic From	Endocarditis `` typical vegetative lessions on heart valves `` `` exp mitral (left AV) Mainly observed in Swine Also `` sheep `` cattle Excercise Intolerance `` sudden death when moved
	ERYSIPELOTHRIX rhusiopathaie Arthritic	Chronic `` degenerative changes in joints Often seen in mature animals `` can occur in young Severe Lameness `` even though mild lesions Proliferation of synovium `` conjestion `` increase in synovial fluid `` `` slight turbidity `` `` NOT purulent Ulceration of joint surface cartilage `` inflammation at base of ulcer Severe Cases `` ankylosis Lesions may result from `` Antigen Persistence in situ `` `` induces immune mediated damage
	ERYSIPELOTHRIX rhusiopathaie Sheep	Normally Polyarthritis `` 2 - 3 month lambs `` lesions per swine Older sheep `` cause of post dipping lameness `` `` acute cellulitis of lower limbs `` `` mulitplies in organic matter in dip water `` `` penetrates small wounds in skin
	ERYSIPELOTHRIX rhusiopathaie Cattle	Arthritis `` rarely
	ERYSIPELOTHRIX rhusiopathie Poultry	Turkeys more commonly affected `` mature birds `` more males `` `` via fighting Acute Septicemia Cyanosis `` blue comb Large hemorrahges `` heart muscles `` legs `` serous membranes Similar acute disease occasionally seen in `` ducks `` chickens `` pheasants `` other birds
	ERYSIPELOTHRIX tonsillarum	Dogs Arthritis Endocarditis
	ERYSIPELOTHRIX rhusiopathiae Human	Usually self limiting cellulitis `` erysipeloid `` following skin wound Rare Cases of `` septicemia `` endocarditis `` arthritis
	ERYSIPELOTHRIX rhusiopathaie Fish	Non Clinical Infection Found in surface slime `` human risk for `` `` erysipeloid lesions
	ERYSIPELOTHRIX rhusiopathaie Marine Mammals	Septicemia
	ERYSIPELOTHRIX rhusiopathaie Epidemiology	Organism passed in feces and urine of healthy pigs Present in health pig `` tonsils `` gallblader Carrier animals may subsequently `` show clinical disease Survives many months `` carcasses of affected animals Survives outside of body `` via flies, dried blood `` weeks summer `` months winter Infection of susceptible swine `` mainly oral `` possibly transcutaneous Turkeys `` contaminated semen `` fight wounds
	ERYSIPELOTHRIX rhusiopathaie Predisposing Factors	Environmental Stress Dietary Change Fatigue Sublclinical aflatoxicosis
	ERYSIPELOTHRIX rhusiopathaie Diagnosis	Direct Grams Stain and Culture `` skin biopsy from both sides of lesion `` spleen `` liver `` lung `` arthritis `` `` several joint samples Can be hard to culture `` tf ELISA for ABs
	ERYSIPELOTHRIX rhusiopathaie Immunity	Developed Immunity is Good `` rare for second occurance of acute disease in recovered animal Hyperimmune serum `` produced from horses `` 2 week period of protection Attenuated vaccine strains available Killed Vaccines (aka Bacterins) available Antibody opsonins important Phagocytic function `` via Mononuclear phagocytes `` NOT via PMN (neutrophils)
	ERYSIPELOTHRIX rhusiopathaie Immunity	Developed Immunity is Good `` rare for second occurance of acute disease in recovered animal Hyperimmune serum `` produced from horses `` 2 week period of protection Attenuated vaccine strains available Killed Vaccines (aka Bacterins) available Antibody opsonins important Phagocytic function `` via Mononuclear phagocytes `` NOT via PMN (neutrophils)
	ERYSIPELOTHRIX rhusiopathaie Control	Quarrantine Replacement Animals `` minimum 30 days Proper disposal of infected carcasses Vaccination recommended `` areas with pervious history `` multiple serotypes `` tf use 2 vaccines to cross protect
	ERYSIPELOTHRIX rhusiopathaie Treatment	Penicillin `` highly effective Tylosin Tetracyclines
	GENUS BACILLUS	Aerobic (facultative) spore bearing bacilli `` G+ or G variable Long threads `` forms rhizoid colonies Usually Motile Catalase Positive Most are saprophytes `` capable of living in innanimate media Bacillus Anthracis `` highly pathogenic Many organisms of group `` air `` soil `` water `` dust `` wool `` feces `` dried grass and straw
	BACILLUS Anthracis Morph and Cult	Rod shaped `` 3 x 0.4 to 9 x 2 microm `` parallel sides `` ends usually `` `` straight `` `` slightly curved In vitro `` single and diplobacillary In vivo `` long chains (boxcar) Agar Colony `` ground glass surface `` waxy appearance at edge `` aka Medusa Head appearance Forms Capsule `` esp tissue `` blood agar `` > 20% CO2
	BACILLUS Anthracis vs BACILLUS spp.	Non Motile vs Usually Motile No or slight hemolysis vs Wide Zone hemolysis Mucoid colonies on bicarbonate agar under 20% CO2 vs Rough Colonies Poly D glutamic acid capsule present vs absent in most Long chains in culture vs short chains in culture no turbidity or pellicle in broth vs often turbidity or pellicle in broth Slow gelatin liquefaction vs rapid Penicillin susceptible @ 0.5 units/ml vs resistant Pathogenic to lab animals vs mostly non pathogenic Gamma phage susceptible vs resistant
	BACILLUS Anthracis Resistance	Sporulated Forms `` considerable resistance `` 10 mins boiling water survives `` 30 min boiling water kills Spores only form `` presence of oxygen `` specific nutrients `` DO NOT form in UNOPENED carcasses Spores `` generally very resistant to disinfectants `` `` except oxidizing Agents `` `` `` KMnO4, H2O2 `` viable in soil `` `` > 60 yrs
	BACILLUS Anthracis Virulence	Poly D glutamate Capsule `` antiphagocytic `` antiopsonizing `` plasma mediated Tripartite Toxin `` Edema Factor (EF) `` Protective Antigen (PA) `` Lethal Factor (LF) `` plasma mediated `` `` different plasmid EF + PA = Edema PA + LF = Lethal PA + LF + EF = Edema and Lethal EF and LF REQUIRE PA for activity Toxin major systemic damage in host `` vascualar permeability `` capillary thrombosis `` due to induction of generalized release `` `` IL-1
	BACILLUS Anthracis Pathogenesis	Most common routh of infection `` Oral `` organism present in `` `` soil `` `` `` contaminated pasture `` `` food stuffs `` `` `` contaminated MBM Some cases via `` infected wounds `` arthropod bites Bacillus enters `` phrynx (tonsil) `` small intestine `` often temporarily held up in local lymph nodes `` `` toxins produced stimulate edema `` `` `` death via asphyxiation if lymph node in throat Alternatively `` septicemia `` death via systemic toxin production Incubation period `` 1 - 5 days Course of Disease `` few hours to 2 days `` throat form `` `` may live several days `` `` mainly seen in pigs `` septicemic form `` `` animal dies within a few hours `` `` `` 48 hrs max Toxin damages endothelium `` severe edema `` hemorrhage via `` `` nose `` `` GIT `` `` Urinary Tract ``
	BACILLUS anthracis CATTLE	Typically acute septicemic disease If suspected DO NOT open carcass `` otherwise release massive #s of organism `` `` will sporulate on exposure to air `` otherwise `` `` cannot sporulate `` `` overcome by other putrifying bacteria Gross enlargement of spleen Petechiae and ecchymoses on serous membranes General toxic degeneration of parenchymatous organs Absence of rigor mortis
	BACILLUS anthracis Pigs	Acute Form `` excess fluid in abdomen `` `` clear or slightly blood tinged `` severe conjestion of SI and draining vessels `` necrotic mesenteric lymph nodes and draining area `` general lesions of toxemia Throat Form `` edema of throat `` `` may extend down nect `` submaxillary lymph nodes `` `` necrosis `` `` possible hemmorhage `` Death via asphyxiatin `` `` via obstructive edema
	BACILLUS anthracis Sheep	Similar to Cattle
	BACILLUS anthracis Horses	Throat or Septicemic form
	BACILLUS anthracis Dog	Throat Form or Chronic carbuncel like lesion in mouth
	BACILLUS anthracis Diagnosis	Cattle `` aspirate blood from superficial vessel Pigs `` swab endematous area in throat Treat smears HgCl2 1:1000 for 5 min before staining Polychrome Methylen Blue `` square ended `` pinkish purple capsule Gram stain `` G+ rods Clostridia `` round ended `` no capusule `` `` except Clostridum perfringens `` may form spores
	BACILLUS anthracis Immunity	Antibody to toxin protects Vaccination `` "avirulent" spore vaccine available `` do not use AM for 4 - 5 days post vaccination `` annual booster for populations at risk `` do not use within 60 days of slaughter for food
	BACILLUS anthracis Treatment	Sensitive to Penicillin Illness to far advanced to treat in most cases Humans `` suspicion of GI or Inhalation `` `` immediate AM treatment
	BACILLUS anthracis Control	Reportable Disease `` local vet Destroy `` Carcass `` in contact material `` burning or deep burial Prevent spore formulation `` do not open carcass `` disinfect premises Fumigate or Sterilize `` clothes `` instruments Soil contamination `` immunize stock Quarantine `` suspected animals `` in contact animals
	BACILLUS cereus	Cattle `` acute gangrenous mastitis `` `` Uncommon `` `` sometimes fatal `` implicated in sporadic abortion Sheep `` implicated in sporadic abortion Human food poisoning `` some strains `` enterotoxin `` usually not severe
	BACILLUS licheniformis	Abortion in cows `` increasing isolated `` source may be heavy growth in silage
	ENTEROBACTERIACEAE Family	Large group of G- bacilli `` essentially intestinal parasites `` `` also includes sprophytics Some are highly pathogenic Many are opportunist invaders Non Sporing Non motile `` peritrichate flagellae Easily grown on media Aerobic `` faculatative anaerobes All species `` ferment glucose `` `` with acid production `` `` commonly gas `` Oxidase Negative `` some ferment lactose `` `` Escherichia `` `` Klebsiella `` `` Enerobacter `` some are Non Lactose Fermenters `` `` Salmonella `` `` Proteus `` `` Yersinia `` `` Shigella `` `` `` variable by spp. Genera in Family `` 28 Many of these organisms are normal GI flora Initial Identification `` colony morphology `` Colour on MacConkey `` `` lactose fermentors RED
	ESCHERICHIA coli	Normal Flora `` 10>5 / g in feces to Extreme pathogen Relatively resistant to drying `` 3 months Survives and multiplies in environment Hundreds of serotypes
	ESCHERICHIA coli Cultural	G- bacilli Marked wide zone beta (complete) hemolysis `` blood agar `` some strains `` hemolysis tends to be associated with `` `` pathogenicity
	ESCHERICHIA coli Resistance	Resists Heating `` 60 deg C 15 mins `` some strains Drying `` moderate resistance Killed `` disinfectants `` pasteurization
	ESCHERICHIA coli Ecology	Intestinal Organism Survives out side host `` > 6 months `` `` in manure `` `` `` detection indicates fecal contamination
	ESCHERICHIA coli Antigenic Structure	O Antigens `` cell wall `` LPS `` aprox 180 H antigens `` pili `` `` flagellin protein `` > 50 `` Pigs `` `` F4 (K88 old) `` Cattle `` `` f5 (K99 old) K antigens `` Capsule `` `` polysaccharide or protein `` > 100
	ESCHERICHIA coli General Virulence Factors	Capsule `` Antiphagocytic `` `` important in septicemic strains `` capsule functions as adhesins `` `` only a few strains Endotoxin `` LPS important virulence factor `` `` septicemia `` `` mastitis `` `` endometritis `` strong host reaction `` `` Fever `` `` hypotension `` `` `` shock `` `` complement activiation `` `` endothelial damage `` `` abortion (secondary) `` `` lekopenia `` `` `` followed by leuocytosis siderophores `` septicemic strains `` `` often carry Col V plasmid `` `` `` genses for `` `` `` `` serum resistance `` `` `` `` iron uptake
	ESCHERICHIA coli Pathogenicity	Responsible for many enteric infections in young animals `` esp `` `` calves `` `` young swine `` `` lambs `` `` puppies `` also acute speticemia in young Sequelae `` meningitis `` polyarthris `` endocarditis Important cause of mastitis in cattle `` mild chronic `` severe acute fatal `` `` usually within 2 weeks of calving `` sheep and sows also affected
	ESCHERICHIA coli Neonatal Disease	Septicemic `` no ingestion of colostrum `` `` tf no transfer of maternal immune globulins `` infection through `` `` umblilicus `` `` GIT `` rapid invasion `` death within 24 - 48 hrs `` septicemic lesions `` `` liver, lung, heart, kidney, spleen, meninges `` `` `` can culture large #s immediately post mortum `` More common in calves than piglets Diarrhic `` most common form `` `` both calves and piglets `` diarrhea prominant feature `` most common < 1 weak `` also older animals esp piglets to immediate post weaning
	ESCHERICHIA coli Diarrheic Disease Pathotypes	aka pathovars Enerotocigneic - ETEC Shigatoxin producing - STEC `` includes Enteropathogenic - EPEC Enterohaemorrhagic - EHEC ENEROINVASIVE - EIEC Enteroaggregative - EAggEC NECROTOXIC - NTEC
	ESCHERICHIA coli ETEC	Enterotoxigenic Usually species specific E.coli serotypes possessing `` Adhesive Pili `` `` plasmid mediated `` `` attachement to jejunum and ileum `` Enterotoxins `` `` ST `` `` LT STa `` Heat stable toxin `` activates quanylcyclase in intestinal mucosa `` inhibits influx of Na and Cl ions `` stimulates serction of Cl and bicarb ions `` tf decreased absorption and increased eflux of water STb `` stimulates increase in PGE2 levels `` `` induces deodenal and jejunal secretion `` `` `` water `` `` `` electrolytes LT `` heat labile toxin `` stimulates adenylcyclase `` `` decreases absorption of sodium `` `` increases efflux of `` `` `` Na `` `` `` Cl `` `` `` water
	ESCHERICHIA coli Enterotoxigenic Serovars Adhesins and Hosts Sadly have to "know this"	Adhesin / Host F4 (K88) / Pig F5 (K99) / Calf, pig, lamb F6 (987P) / Pig, calf F18 / pig F41 / calf, pig AIDA 1 / pig Some strains produce more than one fimbrial antigen `` could be an antigen that vaccines or PCRs dont cover `` `` tf Autogenous vaccine Enterotoxigenic presentation has also been reproted in dogs and horses `` rare
	ESCHERICHIA coli Enteropathogenic	EPEC These strains attach intimately to `` surfaces of intestinal epi cells `` `` eface microvilli `` `` cause cells to form actin pedestals Affected Spp `` RABBITS `` dogs `` pigs `` humans `` other animals Lesion `` attaching and effacing `` collapse of microvilli Intestinal Location `` varies with species Virulence Factors `` Adhesion to intestinal epi cells `` `` via bundle forming pilus `` `` `` plasmid coded bdf gene `` `` pili attach to particular intestinal cells `` closer attachment via intimin protein `` `` chromosomal gene eae `` `` `` E. coli attaching effacing
	ESCHERICHIA coli Shiga Toxin Producing	STEC `` includes Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) Produce attached and effacing lesions Also produce hemorrhagic diarrhea Most recognized serotype `` 0157:H7 `` `` hamburger disease `` `` hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans `` `` high number of receptors for toxins in kidneys `` `` 10 bacteria infective in susceptible humans `` `` `` host genetic factors Note other strains produce verotoxins `` hemorrhagic diarrhea `` `` cattle `` `` pigs `` `` cats `` `` dogs `` `` rabbits `` `` some zoonotic `` `` `` can be carried by healthy animals Virulence Factors `` Shiga Like toxins `` `` STx1 `` `` STx2 `` `` Varients `` `` `` STx2c `` `` `` STx2d `` `` `` STx2e `` `` `` `` 0139 Edema disease pigs `` `` `` STxf `` `` baceriophage coded `` Action of these toxins `` `` local via endothelial cells `` `` systemic via endothelial cells in other sites mainly `` `` `` kidney `` `` `` brain `` ``
	ESCHERICHIA coli Edema Disease	Unusual GIT infection in SWINE `` not classified as enteropathogenic Caused mainly by serovoars `` 0138 `` 0139 `` 0141 These Strains produce verotoxin `` STx2e Absorbed toxin damages endothelium `` produces edema `` `` intestine `` `` stomach `` `` mesentery `` `` Sub Q `` `` Brain Characterized by NERVOUS signs Associated with post weaning Some Edema Disease E. coli strains may also be `` Entertoxigenic `` `` tf function as both `` `` `` ETEC E.coli and Edema Disease E.coli
	ESCHERICHIA coli Enteroinvasive	EIEC Destroys enterocytes `` Dysentery syndrome humans Rare in animals
	ESCHERICHIA coli Enteroaggregative	EAggEC Diarrhea in `` children `` piglets `` rabbits? `` other animals?
	ESCHERICHIA coli Necrotoxigenic	NTEC Produce cytotoxic necrotizing factors `` CNF1 `` CNF2 Diarrhea `` pigs `` calves `` dogs `` rabbits? `` horses?
	ESCHERICHIA coli Enteroaggregative	EAggEC Diarrhea in `` children `` piglets `` rabbits? `` other animals?
	ESCHERICHIA coli Dogs and Cats	Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) `` Specific strains `` relapse common `` `` Invasion of bladder epi `` `` `` tf reemerge after high Vd AM treatment Pyometra `` associated with pseudopregnancy in bitches Granulomatous colitis `` boxer dogs `` specific strains Non specific `` wound `` navel `` skin Neo natal diarrhea Post porturient metritis
	ESCHERICHIA coli Poultry	Infection of egg yolk `` bacteria penetrates shell `` embroy dies or `` hatches sick `` `` death up to 3 weeks after hatching Infection of serous membranes in broilers `` often secondary to other agents `` `` ie Mycoplasma `` `` ie Infectious Bronchitis Virus `` pale yellow white fibrinous material `` `` surface of air sacs and pericardium `` `` joint cavities Septicemia `` high mortality Cellulitis `` rapid growth genetics `` `` weakened skin immunity allows entry Coligrnuloma
	ESCHERICHIA coli Foals	Septicemia `` inadequate colostrum `` `` systemic spread `` diarrhea?
	ESCHERICHIA coli Epidemiology	Varies with species and disease Essentially enteric organism `` but can survive outside host for several months `` easily contaminated enviromnent `` easy oral ingestion Pathogenic strains `` find a suitable environment in animal `` multiplication `` become dominant species
	ESCHERICHIA coli Diagnosis	Direct Smear `` SMALL intestine `` `` jejunum #s normally LOW `` `` `` > 100/oilfield Significant Culture - Biochemical tests `` serotype best if possible Demonstration of enterotoxins `` immunologic methods PCR Detection of Genes encoding `` enterotoxins `` shiga-like toxins `` other virulence factors `` via culture from feces Isolation from Organs `` must be from from fresh dead in order to be significant
	ESCHERICHIA coli Control	Hygiene Management `` avoid crowding Vaccines for most common serotypes `` F4 `` F5 `` F6 `` F41 `` used in pregnant animals `` `` tf colostral protection neonates `` oral vaccination of piglets `` killed pathogenic strains `` `` in feed `` `` prevent post weaning diarrhea `` `` extreme situations
	ESCHERICHIA coli Treatment	Particulrly caplbe of developing multiple AM resistance `` tf sensitivity testing `` transferable `` `` tf Narrowest spectrum possible Approach Each outbreak via sensitivity testing `` sensitivity results may not match therapeutic results
	SALMONELLA	Ubiquitous Parasite `` human `` animals `` birds `` reptiles Major Zoonotic `` agent of human food poisoning Grouping `` O Antigen Specific identity `` flagellar antigens Two Species `` Salmonella enterica `` Salmonella bongori Most Clinical Salmonellae strains `` S. enterica subspp I > 2300 Serovars (serotypes) Motile via peritrichate flagellae `` except `` `` S. enterica S. Pullorum `` `` S. enterica S. Gallinarum
	SALMONELLA Culture Morph	G- Bacilli MacConkey `` non lactose fermenters `` pale colonies `` `` not definitive
	SALMONELLA Ecology	Intestinal Organism `` not regarded as normal intestinal flora
	SALMONELLA Resistance	Moderately resistant to environment `` up to 20 min @ 60 deg C `` tf "exotic salmonella" `` `` in proteins of MBM Feces Survival `` 2 months winter `` 3 months summer Dried Feces Survival `` reported to 36 months
	SALMONELLA Antigenic Structure	Very Complex Primary Grouping `` O antigens `` `` somatic antigens `` `` `` arabic numerals Secondary Subgrouping `` Serovars (species) `` based on H antigens `` `` may be diphasic `` `` `` ie flagellae may assume two forms `` `` `` `` Form 1 Specific `` `` `` `` `` small letters `` `` `` `` Form 2 Group `` `` `` `` `` arabic numerals Vi Antigen (somatic) `` additional to O and H `` intraperitneal virulence mouse `` `` Vi antiserum passively protects mice against living virulent typhoid bacilli `` `` O antiserum only protects against endotoxin `` Vi Antigen associated with protection against `` `` phagocytosis `` `` bactericidal effect of serum Kauffman White Scheme Groups `` A, B, C1, C2, D Sero Types ie `` S. Typhimurum and S. Newport `` ``non host adapted `` S. Gsllinarum and S. pullorum `` `` reportable disease `` `` non motile `` `` `` key differentiator O Antigens (Cell Wall) H Antigen `` phases 1 and 2
	SALMONELLA Dieases 3	Septicemia `` localized lesions `` `` abortion `` `` `` cattle sheep horses `` `` embolic pneumonia `` `` `` mainly pigs Acute Enteritis `` ileitis-colitis Chronic Diarrhea `` wasting Disease Type Depends on `` dose `` strain virulence `` host susceptability `` `` age `` `` immune status Recovery from clinical disease `` asymptomatic carrage state `` `` months to years `` `` tf INTERMITTENT shedding `` `` `` esp stressed
	SALMONELLA Pathogenesis	Initial Event `` colonization of SI `` `` attachment mediated by `` `` `` at least 3 different adhesins (fimbriae) Second Event `` mucosal invasion `` `` ileum and colon `` `` via brush border `` `` severe inflammation lamina propria `` `` `` host adapted types `` `` `` `` peyers patches `` `` `` `` mesenteric lymph nodes `` `` `` `` liver `` `` `` `` septicemia `` `` survival in phagocytic cells `` `` `` some strains are facultative intracellular parasites Infection most commonly oral `` consumption of contaminated food
	SAMONELLA Epidemiology	Capable of surviving and multiplying in environment Large number of recovered or latent carriers `` turkeys - 70% `` Broilers - 50% `` Hogs - 20% `` Dairy Cow - 12% `` Beef Cow - 3% `` Horses - 20 - 70% `` `` esp anesthesia stress `` Dogs - 1 - 36% `` Cats - 0 - 14% tf extensive sources of infection Excretion `` feces `` milk `` `` especially at partuition `` eggs `` feeding habits create high exposure
	SALMONELLA Diagnosis	Culture - Biochemical tests Final serotyping Dection of antibodies against `` O and H antigens Negative `` requires Three consecutive cultures ELISA `` not accurate for S. suis spp. PCR `` feces enrichment broth
	SALMONELLA Immunity	Humoral and cell mediated important Killed Vaccines `` proven low efficacy Attenuated Virulent Strains `` most efficient
	SALMONELLA Treatment	Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing `` highly reccomended Effective AMs `` Fluoroquinolones `` Ampicillin `` Trimethroprim `` Tetrachylines `` `` usually effective AM use controversial `` use only when systemic clinical signs ?
	SALMONELLA Control	#s are everything `` tf Management `` tf Hygiene Vaccination `` killed vaccines useless `` attenuated live can be effective `` `` S. suis vaccine reported to work AMs `` high resistance Intestinal Flora Seeding `` probiotics `` works for chickens `` mixed results horses Reportable Diseases `` Fowl Typhoid `` `` S. Gallinarum `` Pullorum Diseases `` `` S. Pullorum Reptiles `` S. arizona spp. `` `` poultry
	SALMONELLA enterica subsp arizonae	aka S. Arizona Often produces acid in lactose `` but not dulcitol `` ferments malonate `` `` key differentiator Specific diarrheal disease in turkeys `` also `` `` nervous signs `` `` blindness `` transmission `` `` farm to farm `` `` via eggs Main Hosts `` reptiles `` carriers or clinical disease `` `` depends on numbers Pathogenicity `` Normally fatal in turkey poults `` `` 3 - 21 days `` `` may also affect 3 - 4 weeks `` Humans rarely `` `` Septicemia `` `` pyemia `` contaminated food
	SHIGELLA Whole enchilada	G- bacilli Species `` Shigella dysenteriae `` Shigella flexnerii `` Shigella boydii `` Shigella sonnei Resistance is not high Virulence factors `` cytotoxin (shiga-toxin) `` `` plasmid mediated cell wall antigens `` `` enable invasion and survival inside phagocytes Pathogenicity `` important in primates `` rarely reported other animals `` `` diarrhea `` isolated from feces of clinically normal dogs `` `` transient excreters `` very low #s for infection `` invades enterocytes `` `` tf dysentry Epidemiology `` as per other enterobacteriaceae Diagnosis `` specific bacteriology Treatment `` AM sensitivity testing `` Resistance `` `` sulphonamides `` `` ampicillin `` `` tetracycline `` `` `` some strains `` often transferable
	KLEBSIELLA Pneumoniae Cult Morph	G- `` usually highly capsulated `` non motile Culture `` non hemolytic `` mucoid to watery via capsule `` `` non mucoid variants occur `` MacConkey `` `` mucoid lactose fermenter
	KLEBSIELLA pneumoniae Antigenic Structure	Well defined capsular antigens `` 77 in all O antigens `` share many properties with `` `` E.coli O antigens
	KLEBSIELLA pneumoniae Virulence	Capsule `` prevents phagocytosis `` attachment `` esp Mare GI Pili Exotoxin
	KLEBSIELLA pneumoniae Pathogenicity	Considerable variation between types Does NOT depend only upon presence or absence of big capsule Bovine `` mastitis `` `` indistinguishable from E.coli mastitis `` usually aquired via woodsavings or sawdust Equine `` metritis `` abortion `` `` serotypes mainly `` `` `` 1, 2, 5 `` neonatal septicemia `` `` arthritis `` `` `` must sensitivity test `` pnemonia `` `` rarely `` veneral transmission Swine `` acute post parturient mastitis `` `` similar to E.coli type Dogs `` urogenital tract disease `` otitsi externa `` pneumonia `` `` rarely
	KLEBSIELLA pneumoniae Epidemiology	Survives `` feces `` soil Most Commonly saprophyte of Genital Tract `` may be transferred venerally in horses `` stallion or mare carriers
	KLEBSIELLA pneumoniae Diag Immun Treatement	Diagnosis `` Culture `` may not be certain of association with disease Immunity `` little knowledge of specific immunity Treatment `` AM sensitivity test `` usually sensitive to `` `` Gentamicin `` `` Chloramphenicol
	ENTEROBACTER W enchilata	G- ``bacilli `` motile `` often capsulated 7 Species `` `` lactose fermenters Rarely pathogenic `` associated with diverse infections in dogs and cats `` `` cholecystitis `` `` pyothorax `` `` UTI `` `` bacteremia `` Cows `` `` occasionally mastitis
	PROTEUS W. enchilata	G- rod `` Non lactose fermentor `` charcteristic swarming on agar `` `` swimming via flagella Pathogenicity `` typically opportunistic `` Strong urease producer `` `` tf UTI `` `` urolithiasis `` pneumonia `` otitis externa `` `` esp dogs Habitat `` primarily GI `` decomposing animal organic matter Treatment `` AM sensitivity REQUIRED `` multi resistant
	YERSINIA pseudotuberculosis Cult Morph	G- `` small `` pleomorphic `` coccobacillus `` Motility `` `` good @ 22 deg C `` `` not @ 37 deg C Culture `` nonhemolytic `` MacConkey `` `` very slight growth Antigens `` V immunogenic protein `` W Lipoprotein `` `` lost in vitro 37 deg C
	YERSINIA Resistance	Feces Survival `` long at low temp
	YERSINIA pseudotuberculosis Pathogenicity	Facultive Intracellular Parasite `` as are all vet spp. `` killed by neutrophils `` NOT killed by macrophages Produces diseas in wide variety of animals `` mainly `` `` guinea pigs and other rodents `` also affects `` `` cats `` `` zoo carnivores `` `` birds `` `` swine `` `` muskox `` sporadic outbreaks `` `` chinchilla and mink `` Rarely affects `` `` sheep, cattle, horses `` `` `` Genital system `` `` `` `` abortion `` `` `` `` neonatal death `` `` `` `` epididymo-orchitis `` human `` `` mesenteric lymphadenitis children `` `` septicemia adults Pathogenies `` Depends on numbers `` Oral `` `` no lesions `` `` `` carrier `` `` `` `` stress `` `` `` `` `` enteritis `` oral `` `` enteritis `` `` `` regional lymph nodes `` `` `` `` tubercle like lesions `` `` `` `` liver, spleen other organs `` `` `` `` `` tubercle like lesions `` `` acute septicemia `` `` `` death
	YERSINIA pseudotuberculosis Epi Diag Immun Treatment	Epidemiology `` widely distributed in nature `` `` alimentary tract of normal animal `` `` `` pathogenic under stress conditions `` zoonatic Diagnosis `` culture and biochemical tests `` from lesions Immunity `` Vaccination rarely used `` low virulence live organisms `` `` interparenteral inoculations Treatment `` Chlortetracycline `` streptomycin `` chloramphenicol
	YERSINIA enterocolitca Morph Cult	G- coccobacillus Psychrophilic `` best isolated in broth `` `` 4 deg C `` `` 1 - 3 weeks `` `` final incubation `` `` `` 23 deg C 2 - 5 days `` motile @ 22 deg C `` Urease +
	YERSINIA entercolitica Epidemilogy	GI tract animals Sources of Drinking water Most often isolated pathogenic serotypes `` carried in Normal GI pigs `` `` also cattle, dogs, cats Serological Evidence `` little relationship between animal and human strains
	YERSINIA enterocolitca Antigenic Structure	> 30 Serotypes Most common isolates in clincal cases `` 0:3 `` 0:5 `` 0:8 `` 0:9 `` );27
	YERSINIA enterocolitca Pathogenicity	Infectious Dos `` 10>8 to 10>9 `` refigerated food `` `` seafood `` `` icecream Causes `` lymphadenitis `` ileitis `` `` ocassionally ulcerative enteritis `` diarrhea `` fever `` abdominal pain `` `` humans `` `` chinchilla `` `` young dogs `` `` cats `` `` goats `` `` pigs Systemic Disease `` less capable than Y. pseudotuburculosis `` remarkably associated with serotype 0:8
	YERSINIA enterocolitca Pathogenicity	Infectious Dos `` 10>8 to 10>9 `` refigerated food `` `` seafood `` `` icecream Causes `` lymphadenitis `` ileitis `` `` ocassionally ulcerative enteritis `` diarrhea `` fever `` abdominal pain `` `` humans `` `` chinchilla `` `` young dogs `` `` cats `` `` goats `` `` pigs Systemic Disease `` less capable than Y. pseudotuburculosis `` remarkably associated with serotype 0:8
	YERSINIA enterocolitica Diagnostic	Special CIN culture medium `` enhances isolation Feces Lymph node biopsy Parenchymal organs
	YERSINIA enterocolitica Treatment	Fluroquinolones Trimethoprim-sulfonamides Tetracycline
	YERSINIA pestis	G- `` safety pin morphology `` `` significant but not pathonomonic Causes Bubonic Plague `` swollen lymph node `` rat flea borne Endemic Sylvatic infection W USofA ground squirrels `` may spread via fleas to dogs and cats and to humans `` `` cases of infection via handling infected tissue `` cats highly susceptable `` `` highly virulent to humans via droplets `` `` `` tf pneumonic presentation `` `` `` `` systemic within 2 days `` Black Death `` `` via endotoxin mediated gangrene Septicemia, lymphadenitis, pneumonia 2 isolations in Canada `` bushy tailed BC woodrats Beware Recently arrived from SW USofA Cats `` `` swollen lymph nodes in head `` `` `` several day incubation period Some resistant strains emerging
	CAMPYLOBACTER GENUS	G- Slender Rods `` 0.2 to 0.5 mm long `` spiral appearance in longer forms `` comma or SEAGULL shape in shorter forms Domestic Animals `` GI `` Genital
	CAMPYLOBACTER fetus subsp venerealis Morph Cult	G- Slender Rods `` 0.2 to 0.5 mm long `` spiral appearance in longer forms `` comma or SEAGULL shape in shorter forms Culture `` Microaerophilic `` slow growth (2-5 days) `` Translucent dew drop colonies `` `` up to 1 mm dia `` `` may be rough `` `` `` multiple morphology in a given culture `` 25 - 37 deg C
	CAMPYLOBACTER fetus subsp venerealis Virulence	S Layer surface protein `` antiphagocytic `` antigenic variation `` `` tf chronic infection `` `` `` esp bull prepuce Cell Wall LPS No exotoxins
	CAMPYLOBACTER fetus subsp venerealis Virulence	S Layer surface protein `` antiphagocytic `` antigenic variation `` `` tf chronic infection `` `` `` esp bull prepuce Cell Wall LPS No exotoxins
	CAMPYLOBACTER fetus subsp venerealis Pathogenicity	Cows `` Infertility `` `` early embryonic death and reabsorption `` `` subsequent chronic metritis (months) `` `` `` increased very late returns `` Abortion `` `` small % `` `` `` usually 4 - 6 months Bulls `` carried on preputial mucosa `` survives for years `` no lesions of significance First Evidence of Disease `` increased #s cows returning to estrus late in breeding season
	CAMPYLOBACTER fetus subsp venerealis Epidemiology	Venereal Spread Bulls `` persistent asymptomatic carriers Beef Herds `` cow infertilty may lead to use of 2 or 3 x normal bull number Cow can carry organism for short period `` tf infect new bulls
	CAMPYLOBACTER fetus subsp venerealis Diagnosis	Cow `` microscopic examination of `` `` cervico-vaginal mucus `` vaginal mucus agglutination test `` `` more value for herd test Smears `` fetal stomach contents `` cotyledons `` stain `` `` Methylene Blue `` `` Gram `` `` FAT Culture `` aborted fetal stomach contents `` `` usually pure culture `` cotyledon `` `` may be contaminats `` cervical vaginal mucus `` `` may be contaminated `` hard to grow `` `` requires transport medium PCR `` emerging Bull `` sheath washings `` F.A. Test `` Culture `` `` enrichment transport medium required
	CAMPYLOBACTER fetus subsp venerealis Immunity	Vaccines `` formalin killed (aka bacterin) `` suspended in oily adjuvatn `` useful `` `` probably need to revaccinate annually `` result in IgG opsonins `` `` imobilize and clear bacteria from genital tract Cure Claim for vaccination of bulls
	CAMPYLOBACTER fetus subsp venerealis Treatment	Streptomycin parenterally effective in cows `` but rest for a few months `` `` also clears infection in most animals Bull `` sheath washing with streptomycin is effective `` semen often treated with `` `` penicillin and streptomycin
	CAMPYLOBACTER fetus fetus	G- Slender Rods `` 0.2 to 0.5 mm long `` spiral appearance in longer forms `` comma or SEAGULL shape in shorter forms Culture `` Microaerophilic `` slow growth (2-5 days) `` Translucent dew drop colonies `` `` up to 1 mm dia `` `` may be rough `` `` `` multiple morphology in a given culture `` 25 - 37 deg C Serologically and Biochemically distinct from `` C. fetus venerealis
	CAMPYLOBACTER fetus fetus Pathogenisis	Cause of Abortion `` sporadic in Cattle `` outbreaks in sheep `` usually last third of pregnancy Growth stimulated by substance in `` fetal cotyledons `` ovine liver `` ovine kidney Sometimes delivery of weak lambs at term Feces `` fomites `` `` Ingestion `` `` `` Bacteremia `` `` `` `` Gestational Uterus `` `` `` `` `` Metritis / Placentitis `` `` `` `` `` `` Late Abortion
	CAMPYLOBACTER fetus fetus Epidmiology	Environmental Transmission via Ingestion `` NOT venereal Survives `` gall bladder of some sheep `` feces of sheep `` `` esp young animals `` magpies transfer flock to flock `` contaminated shepard boots
	CAMPYLOBACTER fetus fetus Diagnosis	Isolation of organism from fetus `` stomach contents `` lungs `` placenta Culture `` aborted fetal stomach contents `` `` usually pure culture `` cotyledon `` `` may be contaminats `` cervical vaginal mucus `` `` may be contaminated `` hard to grow `` `` requires transport medium PCR `` emerging Doughnut Shaped Necrotic Foci `` sometimes found on liver of fetus `` indicative of infection in sheep
	CAMPYLOBACTER fetus fetus Immunity	Vaccination with formalin killed (bacterin) `` protects against synchronous challenge `` partially protects animals infected 1 month PREVIOUSLY Abortion completely or almost completely prevented
	CAMPYLOBACTER fetus fetus Treatment and Control	Streptomycin Effective `` may reduce number of abortions `` `` must be used whole flock in face of outbreak Oral treatment chlortetracycline effective Isolate aborting ewes Move pregnant ewes to clean areas
	CAMPYLOBACTER fetus fetus Zoonosis	May infect humans Usually `` infants `` pregnant `` elderly Abortion Brucellosis like disease Septicemia
	CAMPYLOBACTER jejuni Morph and Cult	G- Slender Rods `` 0.2 to 0.5 mm long `` spiral appearance in longer forms `` comma or SEAGULL shape in shorter forms Culture `` Microaerophilic `` slow growth (2-5 days) `` Translucent round colonies `` `` often mucoid `` `` up to 1 mm dia `` `` `` multiple morphology in a given culture `` 37 - 42 deg C `` no growth at 25 deg C
	CAMPYLOBACTER jejuni Pathogenisis	Leading cause of diarrhea in humans `` chickens and turkeys `` `` 80 - 100% carriers Diarrhea in `` dogs `` cats `` calves `` sheep `` mink `` lab animals `` more severe in young animals Hemorrhagic diarrhea often present in `` dogs `` cats `` mink Cattle `` sproradic abortion outbreaks `` mastitis Sheep `` abortion Chicken `` "vibrionic hepatitis" old reports `` `` up to 35% decrease egg production `` `` hemmorrhagic necrotic liver Isolation from `` normal pigs `` `` intestinal contents and feces `` normal cattle `` `` gall bladder `` `` milk `` `` feces `` normal dogs `` `` feces `` normal sheep `` `` feces `` normal monkeys `` `` feces `` pigeons and many other birds `` `` feces Note closely related C. upsaliensis `` associated with diarrhea in dogs `` isolated from asymptomatic dogs and cats `` `` tf zoonotic risk
	CAMPYLOBACTER jejuni Epidemiology	World Wide Distribution Oral infection `` contaminated feed `` water `` hands in humans Zoonotic Disease
	CAMPYLOBACTER jejuni Diagnosis	Culture from animals showing fever and diarrhea `` feces `` intestinal contents `` special selective media `` `` otherwise filter through 0.65 microm filter `` `` `` blood agar Direct smear `` feces `` 5 or more SEAGULLS per oil field `` `` suggestive
	CAMPYLOBACTER jejuni Treatment	Erthromycin Tetracycline Chloramphenicol `` useful in dogs
	HELICOBACTER Morph Cult	G- `` spiral shaped Culture `` Microacrophilic `` `` (5% CO2 5% H2 90% N2) `` very fastidious `` `` enriched (blood/serum) `` `` selective (vancomycin, polymixin B, trimethoprim-sulfa) `` 2 - 7 days @ 37 deg C `` immediate culture from biopsy
	HELICOBACTER Habitat	Different Species `` different host ranges `` `` species specificity to 1 - 3 hosts `` different primary sites `` `` mainly GI
	HELICOBACTER Pathogenisis	Chronic Gastritis, gastroduodenal ulceration, adenocarcinoma, eteritis, hepatitis `` humans `` `` not all strains pathogenic `` controversial dogs and cats `` `` many causes `` `` `` dietary, allergy, food intolerance etc Clinical Signs `` vomiting `` melena `` `` acute episodes gastric bleeding `` weight loss
	HELICOBACTER Diagnosis	Clinical Signs `` Vomiting `` melena `` Weight loss Biopsy results `` patchy distribution `` `` tf use endoscope Culture `` very difficult PCR `` genus only Common in healthy dogs and cats `` could be variety of Helicobacter like organisms `` varying pathogenicity Dogs and cats with gastric enteritis `` some respond to treatment for H. pylori `` some do not Urease Test `` H. pylori produces high amount of urea `` `` survival in stomach
	HELICOBACTER Zoonosis - 5	H. pylori H. bizzozeronii H. heilmannii H. Canis H. pullorum Note low potential for zoonosis `` human infections likely from environment
	HELICOBACTER Treatment	Eliminate all other causes of gastritis Verify presence of Helicobacter AM Combinations `` amoxicillin or tetracycline `` `` plus metronidazole `` bismuth subslicylate and ranitidine `` proton pump inhibitors `` `` omeprazole Long treatments `` tf 2 AMs `` `` avoid selection of resistant mutants
	LAWSONIA intracellularis Morph and Cult	Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy Complex G- `` curved or rod shaped Culture `` Microaerophilic `` cell culture only
	LAWSONIA intracellularis Pathogenisis	Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy Complex Includes `` Porcine Intestinal Adenomatosis (PIA) `` Necrotic Enteritis (NE) `` Proliferative Hemmorrhagic Enteropathy (PHE) `` thickening of mucosa of SI and LI `` `` Enterocyte Proliferation Clinically `` PIA `` `` anorexia and failure to sustain growth `` `` No diarrhea `` NE `` `` persistent scours `` `` `` no blood but mucus present `` `` progressive wasting `` PHE `` `` sudden death `` `` projectile bloody diarrhea `` `` anemia `` `` cases melena Triggered by stress
	LAWSONIA intracellularis Epidemiology	World Wide Distribution Non hemmorhagic presentation `` often undetected clinically `` lesions detected at slaughter `` `` up to 28% PIA and NE `` mainly 6 - 20 weeks `` common in purchased feeder pigs `` clinical signs `` `` 3 - 14 days after movement PHE `` mainly young adults `` repopulated units and breeding stock Other animal species may bring into high health herds
	LAWSONIA intracellularis Diagnosis	No effective method for PE in individual live pigs Necropsy observation of lesions Histo `` intracellular organisms `` `` acid fast stain `` silver stain PCR Serology Immunoflurescent AB Immunohistochemistry
	LAWSONIA intracellularis Other Species	Proliferative Enteropathy described in `` Hamster `` ferret `` rabbits `` fox `` rat `` horse Evidence suggests same etiologic agent common in all species
	LAWSONIA intracellularis Treatment and Control	Clinical Treatment controversial Prevention via AM just before expected outbreak `` carbadox `` tylosin Separation of affected animals Minimize Stress Purchase PE free stock
	PASTEURELLACEAE FAMILY Genera - 5	G- `` small coccoid to rod shaped `` non motile `` often show bipolar staining Pasteurella Mannheimia Haemophilus Histophilus Actinobacillus Share morphology `` G- coccobacilli `` `` pleomorphic Share Habitat `` most are commensal parasites Facultative anaerobes `` tend to be obligate parasites `` `` tf do not survive well in environment `` `` tf mainly direct transmission Typically Osidase+ Share same AM susceptabilities
	PASTEURELLA mutocida Morph and Cult	G- `` small ovoid form `` ends stain more deeply (bipolar) `` `` particularly from smears of lesions `` `` less bipolar from culture `` ovoid from smooth colonies `` bacillary from rough colonies Culture `` Blood agar `` `` good growth `` `` non hemolytic `` Smooth colonies more virulent than rough `` MacConkey `` `` typically no growth `` INDOLE +
	PASTEURELLA multocida Resistance	Relatively Low `` 60 deg C kills in minutes `` disinfectants quickly effective
	PASTEURELLA multocida Antigens	Five Capsular antigens `` A, B, D, E, F Twelve Somatic Antigens Yields 20 serotypes
	PASTEURELLA multocida Virulence	Exotoxin `` some strains of type A and D `` atrophic rhinitis of pigs `` `` increase bone resorption `` hepatotoxic `` `` tf low weight gain Endotoxin (LPS) `` significant `` `` inflammatory effects as in other G- `` `` promotes pneumonia Outer Membrane Proteins `` iron aquisition Capsule `` antiphagocytic Pili `` adherence `` production regulated by environmental conditions Multicidin `` siderophore `` avian strains
	PASTEURELLA multocida Epidemiology	Organisms carried in normal animals `` mouth `` URT Invasion of lung or blood when animals devitalized `` organisms may then undergo `` `` increase in virulence
	PASTEURELLA multocida Pathogenicity	Wide variety of species `` most commonly `` `` cattle `` `` pigs `` `` sheep `` `` poultry `` less commonly `` `` horses `` `` dogs `` `` cats In most cases `` infection of respiratory tract `` septicemia may occur `` `` as terminal disease
	PASTEURELLA multocida Cattle	Can be component of shipping fever Canada most common manifestation `` Pneumonia `` `` severe acute `` `` subacute `` `` chronic Associated viral infection `` ala Mannheimia haemolytica `` `` not obvious `` `` but epithelial damage via other agents (including lung worms) `` `` `` can be detected in some cases Association with other bacteria `` Actinobacillus pyogenes `` demonstrated in some animals Cranioventral areas of lung affected `` most cases `` may spread to other lung areas `` `` severe and acute forms Fibrinous exudate may be produced on visceral pleura Hemorrhagic Septicemia Cattle/sheep `` NOT in N.A.
	PASTEURELLA multocida Sheep and Goats	Can be component of shipping fever Canada most common manifestation `` Pneumonia `` `` severe acute `` `` subacute `` `` chronic Associated viral infection `` ala Mannheimia haemolytica `` `` not obvious `` `` but epithelial damage via other agents (including lung worms) `` `` `` can be detected in some cases Association with other bacteria `` Actinobacillus pyogenes `` demonstrated in some animals Cranioventral areas of lung affected `` most cases `` may spread to other lung areas `` `` severe and acute forms Fibrinous exudate may be produced on visceral pleura Hemorrhagic Septicemia Cattle/sheep `` NOT in N.A. Subacute pneumonia `` associated with primary ? virus or Mycoplasm infection Mastitis
	PASTEURELLA multocida Swine	Necrotoxin `` Types A and D `` Atrophic Rhinitis `` `` can be reversed 1 - 8 weeks of age `` Excessive lacrimation `` Sneezing `` occasional epistaxis `` later distortion of snout `` reduced weight gain Predisposed by Bordetella bronchispetica `` damages epi `` `` P. mutocida colonizes `` `` `` rhinitis becomes progressive `` most common association `` other factors may predispose `` `` ie dust Severe pneumonia `` P. mutocida frequently cause `` `` subsequent to damage via `` `` `` Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae `` `` `` `` paralyzes or destroys cilia `` `` `` `` required to allow pneumonia via P. multocida `` Acute `` `` cranioventral areas most damaged `` Congestion/consolidation extends to diagphragmatic lobe `` `` fibrinous exudate on pleural surface Diagnosis Atrophic rhinitis `` lesions `` Culture P. multocida `` AR+ strains detected via `` `` ELISA `` `` PCR
	PASTEURELLA spp Dogs	Mainly `` P. canis `` P. dagmatis `` less virulent `` lessions wide and draining Secondary invader `` when infections in respiratory tract Mouth of normal animals `` may be associated with gingivitis
	PASTEURELLA multocida Cats	Normal flora `` 40% of cats Highly Zoonotic `` common invader in infections via `` `` biting `` `` `` sealed wound `` `` scratching `` leads to cellulitis `` `` can progresss to osteomyelitis `` extremely dangerous `` `` fatal `` `` `` tf immediate and CORRECT AM therapy
	PASTEURELLA multocida Poultry	Fowl Cholera Contagious `` via canibalism `` `` high #s in intestinal exudate `` stress induced outbreakes Capsule Type A Peracute Septicaemia `` Neural Signs `` `` Newcastle `` peticial hemmorage `` necrotic foci Subacte Respirator Chronic arthritis `` also inflammation `` `` sera `` `` wattles Sample border of lesion `` not centre of purulent material
	PASTEURELLA multocida Rabbit	Acute septicemia Acute Snuffles `` breakdown pneumonia Chronic Snuffles `` URT `` `` Rhinosinusitis `` mucopurulent exudate Can be normal flora `` stress induced disease Diagnosis `` direct smear `` culture ``
	PASEURELLA multocida Immunity	Nonspecific `` R factor resistance Septicemic Disease `` AB `` `` probably to O antigens `` `` antitoxin in Atrophic Rhinitis
	PASTEURELLA multocida Control	Vaccines - Atrophic Rhinitis `` attenuated `` killed `` autogenous `` effective in septicemic disease `` `` cattle `` `` turkeys `` described `` `` rabbits Vaccine `` pig pneumonia Vaccine `` calf pneumonia `` live `` not clear which AGs responisble for immunity `` poor results
	MANNHEIMIA haemolytica Morph and Cult	G- `` small ovoid form `` ends stain more deeply (bipolar) `` `` particularly from smears of lesions `` `` less bipolar from culture `` `` Bipolar staining `` less well defined `` ovoid from smooth colonies `` bacillary from rough colonies Culture `` Blood agar `` `` good growth `` `` narrow zone of beta (complete) hemolysis `` Sheep Septicimia `` `` specific type `` `` forms large colonies `` `` `` dark brown centres `` `` `` usually capuslated `` `` `` `` freshly isolated `` MacConkey `` `` small pink colonies `` `` `` not all strains grow Indole -
	MANNHEIMIA haemolytica Virulence Factors	Toxins `` LEUKOTOXIN `` `` high [] `` `` `` kills rumminant phagocytes ONLY `` `` down regulates MHC II proteins `` `` `` `` reduces antigen presentation `` `` low [] `` `` `` activates macrophages `` `` `` liberates proinflammatory cytokines `` `` `` `` TNF `` `` `` `` IL-1 `` stimulates PMN `` `` release H2O2 `` `` `` tissue damage Fimbriae `` adhesin Capsule `` serum resistance Not intracellular parasite
	MANNHEIMIA haemolytica Resistance	Relatively Low `` 60 deg C kills in minutes `` disinfectants quickly effective
	MANNHEIMIA haemolytica Antigens	M. haemolytica / P. trehalosi 17 Capsulare serotypes `` Type 1 most important 16 Somatic antigens `` little use in diagnostics 2 Biotypes `` A `` `` arabinose fermintation `` B `` `` trehalose fermentation
	MANNHEIMIA haemolytica Epidemioligy	Organisms carried in normal animals `` mouth `` URT `` `` 90% rumminants Invasion of lung or blood when animals devitalized `` organisms may then undergo `` `` increase in virulence
	MANNHEIMIA haemolytica Pathogenicity	Clinical Disease `` mainly `` `` cattle `` sproadically `` `` pigs `` `` poultry Present as commensals in URT `` survives poorly outside host Cattle in Temperate Environments `` most often associted with `` `` stress and virus infections of respiratory tract `` `` `` IBR `` `` `` PI3 `` `` `` RSV Syndrome Produces Acute Fibrinous Pneumonia `` Shipping Fever `` most important cause of morbidity & mortality in Feedlots
	MANNHEIMIA haemolytica Sheep	Biotype A `` septicemis in nursing lambs `` `` much more commenly than P. multocida `` sporadic `` `` severe mastitis `` `` `` Blue Bag `` `` `` `` Gangrenous mastitis `` `` arthritis `` `` meningitis `` `` `` esp young lambs `` Pneumonia `` `` older sheep Biotype T `` septicimia in feeder lambs
	MANNHEIMIA haemolytica Other species	Pigs `` uncommon
	PASTEURELLA multocida HANNHEIMIA haemolytica Diagnosis	P. multocida Septicemias `` bipolar organisms `` `` blood `` `` tissues `` `` polychrome stain `` `` `` wrights `` `` `` giemsa M. haemolytica Septicemia `` bipolar staining may be present `` `` not typical Culture `` easy to grow `` contaminants may overwhelm
	PASTEURELLA multocida MANNHEIMIA haemolytica Immunity	Difficult to asses value of bacterins
	PASTEURELLA multocida MANNHEIMIA haemolytica Treatment	Sensitive to majority of AMs `` except streptomycin `` can be increased resistance to tetracycline `` `` when used prophylactically in feed Ceftiofur also used therapeutically Penicillin in M. haemolytica `` Type A `` `` usually sensitive `` Type T `` `` usually resistant Fowl Cholera `` sulfonamides `` quinolones `` penicillin G
	HAEMOPHILUS GENUS Morph Cult	G- `` small pleomorphic cocci to rod `` microaerophilic Principle Characteristic of Genus `` requirement for one or both of blood growth factors `` `` X factor `` `` `` hemin `` `` `` `` chocolate agar `` `` V factor `` `` `` NAD Culture from `` fresh carcas `` multiple lesions / animals Pathogenic Species `` H. parasuis `` `` Pig `` `` `` Polyserositis (Glasser's Disease) respiratory `` `` most herds infected `` `` `` unique strain to barn `` `` `` `` commercial vaccines only one strain `` `` `` `` `` tf autogenous vaccine `` H. pargallinarum `` `` Fowl `` `` `` Infectious coyza respiratory `` H. canis `` `` Dog `` `` `` Genital?
	HAEMOPHILUS parasuis	Porcine Polyserositis aka Glasser's Disease >15 Capsular serotypes Fibrinous exudate on `` serosal membranes `` synovial membranes Becoming more prevalent in NA
	HAEMOPHILUS parasuis Epidemiology	Normal nosopharyngeal flora of normal pigs Clinical disease uncommon `` < 1% Disease usually in weanling pigs `` weaning to 12 weeks age `` paricularly SPF are mixed with conventional `` `` high percentage of naive SPF pigs die Predisposing Factors important in pathogenisis `` weaning `` transport Tend to be host specific `` tf low zoonosis
	HAEMOPHILUS parasuis Pathogenesis	Little is known about virulence factors Capsular components important `` polysaccharide `` endotoxin `` outermembrane proteins Crosses Mucosal Barrier `` URT , Urogenital `` tf septicemia `` precise mechanisms unknown
	HAEMOPHILUS parasuis Clinical Signs	Anorexia Fever Lameness Recubency Convulsions Cyanosos Edematous Pinnae Peracute Cases `` sudden death
	HAEMOPHILUS parasuis Immunity	Survivors of natural infection `` protected against Heterlogous Types `` `` host produces ABs for many AGs Controlled Expouse `` expose a strain from an infected animal `` to another animal vaccinated for a different strain
	HAEMOPHILUS parasuis Treatment	AM sensitivity `` similar to porcine pleuropneumonia (PPP) orgainism Early diagnosis essential `` difficult due to sporadic nature of disease
	HAEMOPHILUS parasuis Diagnosis	History of herd Necropsy findings Culture `` blood `` tissues `` `` several fresh samples
	HAEMOPHILUS parasuis Control	Management very important Vaccination `` effective `` `` Type 4 `` `` Type 5 `` not widely used Autogenous Vaccines more effective `` multiple serotypes
	HAEMOPHILUS paragallinarum	Fowl Cryza `` Acute Inflammation `` `` URT epi `` Airsaculitis Highly host specific `` Disease only in chickens Disease may be secondary to `` respiratory virus infection `` `` ie Infectious Bronchitis Viris Vaccines `` Bacterins reasonably effective in preventing disease `` `` do NOT prevent infection Clincal Signs `` serous nasal discharge `` facial swelling `` significant reduction of egg production
	HISTOPHILUS SOMNI Morph and General	G- small cocci to rod Classical Infection `` bovine hisophilosis `` primarily disease of large Feedlots `` `` Thrombotic menigoenoepphalitis (TME) `` `` bronchopeumonia `` `` genital tract `` `` arthritis `` `` abortion `` `` weak neonates `` `` mastitis `` `` myocaditis Evolution of Disease `` initially acute/peracute CNS disease TME `` now chronic bronchopneumonia `` `` lower mortality `` `` higher mortality `` `` complicated by myocarditis `` multifactorial change `` `` microbial change `` `` altered host response `` `` management changes
	HISTOPHILUS somni Virulence	Virulence Factors `` adhesions for epi and endothelial cells `` resists intracellular killing `` `` phagocytes `` `` macrophages `` damages endothelial cells `` promotes `` `` platelet aggregations `` `` intravascular coagulation `` `` thrombosis `` many virulence features unknown
	HISTOPHILUS somni Pathogenisis	Unknown `` tf Proposed Theory Carrier animals develop Localized Mucosal Infection `` diet change `` use of AMs `` exposure to virus Invasion of Blood vessels `` mechanism unknown `` vasculitis Bacteremia allows spread to other tissues `` including CNS `` `` vasculitis/thrombosis `` `` `` acute CNS disease `` `` `` `` rapidly fatal
	HISTOPHILUS somni Treatment	Must Treat Early Stages `` Tetracycline `` Tilmicosin Susceptible to many AMs in vitro `` not in vivo
	HISTOPHILUS somni Control	Bacterin Vaccines `` prevention of TMe `` `` 70 - 80% efficaxious Little evidence to support protection from other clinical forms
	HISTOPHILUS somni Diagnosis	Culture `` readily on blood agar `` increased CO2 `` X or V factors NOT required Efficiency of Isolation `` reduced if prior AM treatment Serological Tests `` AB against whole cells `` not particularly useful Immunoblotting purified surface AGs `` specific
	HISTOPHILUS Agni	Ovine Haemophilus Varient of Histophilus somni Fatal Septicemia in lambs `` hemmorrhage `` congestion `` edema `` chronic `` `` fibrinpurulent `` `` `` arthritis `` `` `` meningitis
	HISTOPHILUS Ovis	Isolated mainly in Australia and New Zealand `` from ovine vagina Cases of `` septicemia `` synovitis `` mastitis `` epidiymitis Similar or identical to Histophilus agni Has been isolated from sheep in Canada
	ACTINOBACILLUS GENUS	G- rods `` Aerobic or microaerophilic `` non motile `` long chains or unjointed filaments Habitat `` commensals in `` `` URT `` `` Oral Cavity
	ACTINOBACILLUS ligneresii Morph Cult	G- `` morse code appearance `` `` saprophytic existence `` Clubs `` `` polysaccharide protein complex `` `` `` Sulfur Granules in tissue `` `` `` `` moderately acid fast Culture `` 1.5 mm colonies `` generally non hemolytic `` MacConkey `` `` sticky mucoid small colonies
	ACTINOBACILLUS lignieresii Resistance	Drying `` rapidly kills Heat `` 62 deg C 10 min kills Environment `` short survival `` `` 5 days in hay `` tf almost obligate parasite
	ACTINOBACILLUS lignieresii Antigenic Structure	6 Antigenic Types `` no specific disease associations
	ACTINOBACILLUS Lignieresii Pathogenicity	Chronic pyogranulomatuous inflammation of soft tissues `` wooden tongue `` cattle `` sheep Opportunistic Invader `` common in cattle `` `` upper alimentary tract `` invades when wounds in mucosa `` `` coarse feed Lesions in submucous tissues `` some cases drainage in lymph nodes `` `` no lesion at entry site `` `` esp retro pharyngeal lymph nodes Lumpy Jaw `` some cases due to A. ligieressii Other lesions may develop `` esophageal wall `` rument `` reticulum `` liver `` rare in udder Occasionally primay skin lesions `` break and exude pus with `` `` sulfur granules Sheep lesions `` more common in `` `` subcutaneous tissues `` `` superficial lymph nodes `` rare in upper alimentary tract `` seconday in lung `` occasional mastitis Swine `` teats via biting Chronic Suppurative `` Sulfur Granules `` `` AgI / AB salts `` `` complement and phosphates
	ACTINOBACILLUS ligieresii Diagnosis	Lesions are almost pathognomonic `` sulfur granules Gram `` Direct Smear Culture Biochemical Tests Histological `` gram `` H + E
	ACTINOBACILLUS lignieresii Treatment	Little knowledge of immunity Early treatment best `` surgical drainage Iodies Nal iv `` improve penetration KI orally Sulphonamides orally Streptomycin parenterally Tetracyclines parenterally
	ACTINOBACILLUS pleuropneumoniae Morph Cult	G- rod Culture `` Biotype I `` `` NAD V factor `` `` `` usually supplied by cross streaking `` `` `` `` ie Staphylocci `` `` `` choclate agar Porcine Pleuropneumonia PPP `` one most common and important infections in Canadian Swine `` `` serotypes 1, 2, 5, 7 `` Biotype II `` `` NAD independent
	ACTINOBACILLUS pleuropneumoniae Pathogenisis	PPP Acute Respiratory Infection `` predisposed by stress factors `` `` overcrowding `` `` mixing `` `` enviromental change When introduced to naive herd `` high mortality Necropsy `` fibrinous necrotizing pleuropneumonic lesions Moridity 30 - 50% `` case mortality - 50% Endemically infected herds `` low mortality `` high morbidity `` `` abcessation `` `` decreased production `` `` increased condemnations `` Many carriers via chronic abscess `` recovered animals remain carriers Recovered pigs or carriers `` increased AB titers `` `` measured via serological tests `` `` `` agglutination `` `` `` ELISA Often mixed infections
	ACTINOBACILLUS pleuropneumoniae Virulence	Varies with serotype Capsule Fimriae LPS Siderophores Cytotoxins `` Apx I, II, III, IV
	ACTINOBACILLUS pleuropneumoniae Diagnosis	Acute Infections `` typical necropsy findings `` `` acute `` `` `` necrohemmorrhagic lung lesion `` `` chronic `` `` `` abscessation Isolation via `` tracheal washing `` lung lung lesions `` more difficult once endemic `` `` chronic resp lesions confused with other infections Serological `` not very useful `` in combination with good herd records Immunofluorescence PCR Gram Culture
	ACTINOBACILLUS pleuropneumoniae Treatment	Susceptible to most AM `` early parenteral treatment of acute cases `` sensitivity testing reccomended Endemic Herds `` control via `` `` AM in feed or water `` `` vaccination program A. pleuropneumoniae Free Herd better than endemic `` some strains AM resistant `` AM withdrawal `` vaccines serospecific `` `` tf lower efficacy `` `` do not prevent carriers
	ACTINOBACILLUS pleuropneumoniae Control	Vaccination `` current vacines are good `` `` serospecific `` autogenous vaccines difficult `` `` some serotypes not `` `` `` virulent `` `` `` antigenic Management Practices important to control programs `` SPF or minimal disease herds `` AIAO systems
	ACTINOBACILLUS equuli Morph Cult	G- `` rod `` `` singly occurring `` `` chains `` `` filaments `` pleomorphic Culture `` grows readily on ordinary media `` `` including MacConkey `` colonies `` `` very tenacious `` `` mucoid `` some strains hemolytic
	ACTINOBACILLUS equuli Exotoxins	None
	ACTINOBACILLUS equuli Resistance	Low survival in environment Killed by common disinfectants
	ACTINOBACILLUS equuli Pathogenicity	Horses `` sleepy foal disease `` `` esp young foals `` `` `` inadequate colostrum `` `` note also via klebsiella pneumonia `` Occasionally Adults `` `` septicemia `` `` peritonitis Starts as Enteritis `` acute neonatal septicemia `` subacute neonatal pyaemia `` `` pyaemic nephritis `` `` arthritis `` `` tenosynovitis `` `` occasionally pneumonia Piglets `` rarely `` suppurative lesions `` `` kidney `` `` joint `` `` endocarditis
	ACTINOBACILLUS equuli Epidemiology	Organisms found in `` tonsils `` intestine Young most likely infected via Dam Not currently common
	ACTINOBACILLUS equuli Diagnosis and Treatment	Readily cultured `` from specific lesions Treatment `` streptomycin `` other broad specturm AB
	ACTINOBACILLUS suis All	G- `` rod `` `` singly occurring `` `` chains `` `` filaments `` pleomorphic Culture `` grows readily on ordinary media `` `` including MacConkey `` colonies `` `` very tenacious `` `` mucoid `` hemolytic Piglets `` septicemia `` meningitis `` pneumonia `` pericarditis `` 1 - 6 weeks `` also recently `` `` fibrinous necrotizing pleuropneumonia `` `` lung abscessation `` `` ala A. pleuropneumoniae `` `` Apx I, II like cytotoxin Pigs `` metritis `` romboid skin lesions `` `` als Erysipelothrix rhusiopathie Horses `` Actinobacillus suis-like `` `` biochemically similar `` respiratory disease `` commensal in URT `` `` tf pathgen #s and cytology Treatment `` ampicillin reported effective `` useful `` `` tetracycline `` `` streptomycin
	MORAXELLA GENUS Morph Cult	G- `` diplobacilli `` `` rarely diplococci `` aerobic `` non motile Culture `` simple media usually `` better growth `` `` blood or serum enriched `` Colonies `` `` small `` `` round `` `` greyish white `` `` narrow hemolysis @ 24 hrs `` MacConkey `` `` no growth
	MORAXELLA bovis Pathogenicity	Only moraxella of vet interest Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis `` Pink Eye `` recovered from ocular exudates of cattle Inoculation of freshly isolated cultures `` into conjunctival sac of cattle `` `` fulfills Kochs postulates Low prevalence high morbidity/mortality `` tf important
	MORACELLA bovis Virulence	Pili Hemolysin `` leukotoxin `` `` kills in situ `` `` `` release of inflammatory enzymes Dermonecrotoxin
	MORAXELLA bovis Disease	IBK Inflammation of conjunctiva and cornea `` usually < 2 yrs Serous discharge from eye `` becomes purulent `` `` cloudiness in centre of cornea in 2 - 4 days `` `` `` becomes diffuse and cornea thickens with yellow centre On healing `` `` central lesion froms whitish scar Conjuctivisis without keratitis `` probably IBR viral disease `` `` NOT associated with M. bovis Rarely fatal Commonly `` weight loss `` loss of milk production `` local irriatiaion and pain `` vision impariment Asymptomatic Carriers `` nasolacrimal ducts `` nasopharynx `` vagina Synergistic with `` Neiseria spp. `` Mycoplasma Borocoli `` Chalydia
	MORAXELLA bovis Transmission	Seasnonal Incidence `` follows peak period of UV radiation `` `` epi seperation `` `` `` invasion Once established in herd `` rapid spread via `` `` direct contact `` `` `` aerosols `` `` indirect contact `` `` `` Face Fly `` `` `` fomites
	MORAXELLA bovis Diagnosis	Culture usually not essential Clincal signs diagnostic Culture `` via eye swab on blood agar `` colonies morphology `` biochemical Stained Smears of acular swabs `` ofent show typical moraxellae
	MORAXELLA bovis Immunity	After recovery `` Immunitycontroversial `` generally reduced reinfection `` exceptions
	MORAXELLA bovis Predisposing Factors	UV light Irritants `` dust `` mouldy hay Breed `` lack of pigment around eyes Age Cocomintent ifections
	MORAXELLA bovis Treatment	Direct Application to eye `` AMs `` `` multiple applications `` corticosteroids `` `` controversial IM `` long acting tetracycline Direct injection to eyelid `` through conjuntiva
	MORAXELLA bovis Control	Difficult `` close observation `` early treatment `` segragation `` FLY CONTROL `` `` ear tags Vaccines `` mixed results `` protect against homologous pili `` tf Autogenous vaccines may be more effective
	BORDETELLA GENUS	G- `` coccobacilli `` strict aerobes `` obligatory parasites of respiratory tract Animals `` Bordetella bronchispetica `` Bordetella avium `` Bordetella parapertussis `` `` rarely `` `` lamb pneumonia `` `` `` mild whooping cough Humans `` Bordetella pertussis `` `` whooping cough Spp relatively host specific
	BORDETELLA bronchiseptica Morph Cult	G- `` coccobacilli `` strict aerobes `` motile `` `` peritrichate flagellae `` pili `` capsule like material Culture `` Most strain hemolytic `` MacConkeys `` `` non lactose fermenter `` Strict Aerobe
	BORDETELLA bronchiseptica Habitat	obligatory parasites of respiratory tract `` mucous membranes `` micro colonies in trachea `` shed for 3 months after recovery
	BORDETELLA bronchispetica Virulence	Toxins `` Endotoxin `` dermonecrotoxin `` Osteotoxin `` Tracheal cytotoxin `` adenylate cyclase `` `` hemolysin adhesins `` Fibriae `` Pertactin (OMP) ``filamentous hemaglutinin
	BORDETELLA bronchiseptica Pathogenicity	Kennel Cough `` purulent `` `` tracheobronchitis `` `` rhinits `` Bronchopneumonia esp `` `` young `` `` non immune `` `` commonly associated with `` `` `` ditemper virus CDV `` `` can be cause by self Clinical Recovery `` May remain in respiratory tract `` shed for several months Pigs `` lesions of respiratory tract `` atrophic rhinitis `` bronchopneumonia `` co infection with `` `` Pasteurella multocida `` `` `` toxins `` `` attaches to cilia `` `` `` stops movement via DNT `` `` `` `` allows secondary invasion of toxigenic P. multocida Guinea Pigs and Rats `` affected by bronchopneumonia `` `` may become epizootic Rabbit `` URT `` snuffles like `` rhinitis `` tracheitis `` may result in bronchopneumonia Horses `` occasional pneumonia `` occasional UTI Cats `` occasional pneumonia Species Specificity `` some evidence Not considered normal flora `` however may be found in URT of clinically healthy animals
	BORDETELLA bronchiseptica Clinical Signs	Atrophic rhinitis `` sneezing `` coughin `` epistaxis `` subsequent snout distorition `` `` Pasteurella multocida causes the irreversible damage `` `` `` affects young pigs Kennel Cough `` tracheobronchitis `` hacking cough
	BORDETELLA bronchiseptica Resistance	Killed by common disinfectants
	BORDETELLA bronchiseptica Epidemiology	Little is known `` presumed spread vua aerosol droplets `` `` weeks to month
	BODRETELLA bronchiseptica Diagnosis	Dogs `` Cultrue from tracheal washes Pigs `` culture from nasal swabs
	BORDETELLA bronchiseptica Control	Disinfection `` farrowing houses `` nurseries `` after each use SPF herds Atrophic Rhinitis prevention `` Feed AMs `` `` esp chlortetracycline `` `` sulphonamides `` `` streptomycin `` `` tetracycline `` `` `` emerging resistance Kennel Cough `` fumigations `` adequate ventilation `` isolation
	BORDETELLA bronchiseptica Immunity	Likely cell mediated `` low IgA response Dogs `` Attenuated Live Vaccine `` `` intranasal `` `` `` rapid (days) protection `` `` intratracheal `` controversial Pigs `` killed bacterin `` attenuated live `` Sows `` `` intramuscular `` `` `` good immunity `` piglets `` `` intranasal
	BORDETELLA bronchiseptica Treatment	Dogs `` tracheobronchitis `` `` micro colonies in URT `` `` responds poorley to AMs `` amoxilcillin `` tetrcycline `` quinolones Trimethoprim Sulfa Aerosol treatments `` controversial
	BORDETELLA bronchiseptica Other Species	Human `` Rarely affected `` sometimes whooping cough `` can affect immune COMPETENT Rabbits Cats
	BORDETELLA avium Morph Cult	G- `` bacillus `` peritrichous flagella `` pili Culture `` non hemolytic `` MacConkey `` `` growth `` strict aerobe `` obligate parasite URT
	BORDETELLA avium Virulence Factors	Toxins `` Endotoxin `` dermonecrotoxin `` Osteotoxin `` Tracheal cytotoxin Adhesins `` Fibriae `` Pertactin (OMP) `` hemaglutinin
	BORDETELLA avium Pathogenicity	URT Young Turkeys `` mainly 1 - 6 weeks `` uses pili to adhere to and colonize URT epi `` `` deciliation Rhinotracheitis aka Turky Coryza `` excessive oculonasal discharge `` sneezing `` coughing `` mouth breathing `` dyspnea `` may involve tracheal collapse Non Complicated Cases `` decreaded weight gain `` high morbidity `` low mortality `` `` < 5% Necropsy `` marked accumulation of mucous `` `` mainly sinuses `` `` also trachea `` arthritis Other Avian spp `` occasionally affected
	BORDETELLA avium Epidemiology	Aerosol Water Litter
	BORDETELLA avium Treatment	No AM shown to be consistently successful However `` must us appropriate AM for `` `` secondary infections
	BORDETELLA avium Control	Spray Vaccination `` temperation sensitive mutant `` reported useful `` may predispose to other diseases Susceptible to most disinfectants Hygiene Depopulation Traffic `` handle young to old Wild birds
	FRANCISELLA tularensis Morph Cult	G- `` tiny rods or cocci `` marked pleomorphism `` sometimes bipolar staining `` capsule Culture `` no growth ordinary media `` requires cystine or cysteine `` `` a few exceptions `` Colonies `` `` slow growing `` `` grey green `` `` up to 4 mm `` strict aerobe `` non motile Biochemical `` relatively non reactive
	FRANICISELLA tularensis Subspecies	F. tularenis subsp tularenis (A) `` hydrolize glycerol `` Reservoirs `` `` lagomorphs `` `` rodents `` `` galliform birds `` HIGHLY VIRULENT HUMANS F. tularenis subsp holarctica (B) `` do NOT hydroloze glycerol `` Reservoirs `` `` water `` `` mud `` `` aquatic animals F. mediasiatica
	FRANCISELLA tularensis Virulence	Capusle `` major big deal `` enlarges in poor growth media Endotoxin
	FRANCISELLA tularensis Resistance	4 Month survival `` mud `` decaying carcasses Sensitive to common disinfectants
	FRANCISELLA tularensis Antigenic Structure	Some AGs shared with Brucella abortus `` tf cross reactions possible
	FRANCISELLA tularensis Pathogenicity	Facultative Intracellular Pathogen `` survives in macrophages `` `` not neutrophils Tularemia Disease `` many warm blooded mammals `` `` including human Ultralow Infective Dose `` humans `` `` 10 to 30 organisms `` `` tf bioweapon Penetration of UNBROKEN `` skin `` mucous membrane
	FRANCISELLA tularensis Epidemiology	Vectors `` blood sucking Arthropods `` `` ticks `` `` `` Amblyomma americanum `` `` `` Dermacentor spp `` `` `` argasid ticks `` `` `` `` multiplication `` Biting flies `` `` transfer organisms mechanically Fomites `` Air `` Food `` Water Direct Contact `` carcasses `` pets `` wild animals Enzootic including Saskatchewan `` wild rodents `` rabbits `` beaver `` skunks `` muskrats `` wild canids `` ground birds `` snakes `` bobcats Highly infectious for `` white mice `` guinea pigs Domesticated mammals occasionally affected `` lambs `` calves `` cats `` dogs `` chicken Major Zoonosis `` hunters `` trappers
	FRANCISELLA tularensis Clinical Sign	Usually non specific and bold `` fever `` anorexia `` depression `` occasionally diarrhea History usually includes `` heavy tick infestation `` ingestion of wild rodents Granulomatous necorosis `` millary tiny foci `` `` liver `` `` spleen `` `` lung Dogs `` pneumonia reported Humuns `` inflammatory skin lesions `` lymphadinitis May be fatal if not treated
	FRANCISELLA tularensis Diagnosis	Culture `` biosecurity restricted FA from smears Agglultination ELISA PCR `` blood `` tissues Highly infectious to humans `` tf specific paperwork must accompanie submission
	FRANCISELLA tularensis Immunity	Recovery from natural disease `` gives long lasting immunity Vaccines `` attenuated live `` `` only for high risk personel
	FRANCISELLA tularensis Treatment	Streptomycin `` best Fluoroquinolones doxycycline
	PSEUDOMONA aeruginosa Morph Cult	G- `` rods `` straight `` slightly curved `` motile `` `` one or more polar flagellae `` nonsporing `` strict Aerobe Culture `` blue green pigmenent `` `` irregular diffusion around coloies `` characteristic Grape like Odour `` `` most strains `` metallic sheen `` beta (complete) hemolytic `` `` ususally `` MacConkey `` `` smaller colonies `` `` yellowish `` best growth `` `` 30 - 37 deg C `` no growth `` `` 4 deg C Oxidative +
	PSEUDOMONAS aeruginosa Virulence	Only highly virulent species of Pseudomonas Genus All factors NOT produced by all strains Virulence factors not always expressed Cellular `` Slime `` `` lethal `` `` antiphagocytic `` Alginate `` `` anitphagocytic `` `` formation of microcolonies in vivo `` Pili `` `` adeherence to damaged epi `` `` `` respiratory `` `` `` urinary tract `` `` `` cornea `` LPS `` `` Endotoxin `` `` ABs against homologous LPS are protective Toxin `` Exotoxin A `` `` Cytotoxik `` `` lethal `` `` `` inhibits protein synthesis `` 3 Proteases `` `` attack elastin `` `` degrade immunoglobulin `` `` degrade complement factors `` `` cleavage of interleukin-2 `` 2 Hemolysinss `` `` tissue destruction `` Leukocidin (cytotoxin) `` `` kills PMNs `` Pyochelin (siderophore `` `` non toxic `` `` extracts iron from transferrins `` `` `` tf serum resistance
	PSEUDOMONAS aeruginosa Resistance	Biofilm `` tf very difficult to remove from fomites Resistant to MOST AMs `` plasmid mediated
	PSEUDOMONAS aeruginosa Pathogenicity	Opportunistic pathogen `` defects in normal host defense mechanisms `` `` establishes infection `` `` production of toxic metabolites produces disease Predisposing Factors `` damaged tissue `` `` wound infections `` `` purulent lesions `` excessive use of AMs `` use of corticosteroids `` Neuturopenia `` immunosuppresion `` debilitating surgery `` burns `` parasitic or fungal infections Dogs and Cats `` otitis externa `` UTI `` corneal ulcer `` pneumonia Horse `` corneal ulcer `` UTI `` `` infertility Mink and Cninchilla `` acute hemorrhagic pneumonia `` contagious disease `` `` these animals ONLY `` `` tf severe outbreaks Sheep `` pneumonia `` mastitis `` green wool Cattle `` respiratory infections `` enteritis `` mastitis `` `` contaminated udder wash `` `` contaminated AB vials `` pneumonia Swine `` atrophic rhinitis `` `` secondary invader `` inhaled pus pneumonia `` enteritis Poultry `` sepitcemia `` `` outbreaks Human `` very common invader `` `` damaged skin `` `` `` esp burns
	PSEUDOMONAS auruginosa Epidemiology	Widespread `` soil `` water `` `` master survivor in solutions `` `` `` cleaning `` `` `` disinfection `` `` `` eye drops `` `` `` creams and compounds `` `` `` dairy udder wash systems `` plants `` fomites `` `` anesthetic equipment May increase in numbers on skin `` use of quaternary ammonium compounds Survives in `` cloxacillin solutions `` Iodine solutions Note `` very high [] peroxides kill
	PSUEDOMONAS aeurginsos Immunity	Cell Mediated mainly `` phagocytosis by PMNs `` `` Greatly enhanced by opsonization via ABs Vaccines `` multivalent LPS `` `` mink and chinchilla
	PSEUDOMONAS auruginosa Diagnosis	Histology Bacteria #s `` high `` `` probably significant `` low from fresh material `` `` probably not significant
	PSEUDOMONAS auruginosa Treatment	Antipsuedomonal Penicillins `` carenicillin `` ticarcillin Gentamicin Amikacin Tobramycin Polymixin B `` superficial infections Multiresistant `` tf Susceptibility testing

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