Vta 125 Nervous System And Senses

Front 1

Function of the Nervous System:

Back 1

Function of the Nervous System:

To receive, monitor and respond to stimuli from external and internal environment.

Front 2

Central Nervous System
(CNS)

Back 2

Central Nervous System
(CNS)

Brain and Spinal Cord

Front 3

Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS)

Back 3

Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS)

Nerves Leading Away from the Brain and Spinal Cord

Front 4

Autonomic:

Back 4

Autonomic:

Part of the PNS, functions automatically activates involuntary, smooth, cardiac muscles, and glands.

Front 5

Cerebrospinal Fluid:

Back 5

Cerebrospinal Fluid:

Watery transparent liquid (similar to plasma) around spinal cord and in the brain ventricles. Supports brain as a protective cushion and is a source of nutrients.

Front 6

Stress:

Back 6

Stress:

Biological reactions to any adverse stimulus (physical, mental, emotional; internal) that disturbs the well being of an animal.

Front 7

Motor Neurons:

Back 7

Motor Neurons:

Neurons serving muscles and glands.

Front 8

Neuron:

Back 8

Neuron:

Single nerve cell with cell body (nucleus), axon and dendrites.

Front 9

Receptors:

Back 9

Receptors:

Organs of sensation.

Front 10

Nociceptors:

Back 10

Nociceptors:

Receptor for pain.

Front 11

Reflex:

Back 11

Reflex:

An involuntary response to a stimulus.

Front 12

Reflex Arc:

Back 12

Reflex Arc:

The path of a reflex; involves at least 2 neurons.

Front 13

3 Sections of the Brain:

Back 13

3 Sections of the Brain:

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain (cerebellum)

Front 14

Forbebrain:

Back 14

Forbebrain:

Thinking (processing), memory, emotions, movement, senses are contained here.

Front 15

The Forebrain Senses:

Back 15

The Forebrain Senses:

Olfactory bulb

Front 16

Midbrain:

Back 16

Midbrain:

Contains auditory, visual & muscle control centers.

Front 17

Hindbrain:

Back 17

Hindbrain:

Contains the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata

Front 18

Cerebellum:

Back 18

Cerebellum:

Dorsal surface of the brain which consists of gray and white matter. Controls balance and coordination by receiving information from the inner ear. Voluntary movement initiated and fine-tuned here.

Front 19

Pons:

Back 19

Pons:

Sits ventral to cerebellum, controls respiration.

Front 20

Medulla Oblongata:

Back 20

Medulla Oblongata:

Extends from pons to spinal cord controls respiration and blood pressure.

Front 21

Ventricular System:

Back 21

Ventricular System:

Filled with cerebral spinal fluid

Protects the brain from hard knocks and sudden movement

Provides nutrients

Front 22

Meninges:

Back 22

Meninges:

3 layers and covers spinal cord

Dura matter in spinal canal space between this and the surrounding vertebrae in epidural space, contains fat and capillaries.

Arachnoid matter

Pia matter

Front 23

Blood Brain Barrier:

Back 23

Blood Brain Barrier:

Creates a protective shield around the brain, almost impermeable, to protect brain from harmful substances in the blood like urea, and antibiotics.

Front 24

Substances that can Pass the BBB:

Back 24

Substances that can Pass the BBB:

Glucose
Sodium
Potassium
Anesthetics

Front 25

Afferent:

Back 25

Afferent:

Carry impulses to a structure in the CNS

Front 26

Efferent:

Back 26

Efferent:

Carry impulses away from a structure in the CNS

Front 27

Dendron:

Back 27

Dendron:

These bring information to the cell body

Front 28

Axon:

Back 28

Axon:

Takes information away from the cell body

Front 29

Acetylcholine:

Back 29

Acetylcholine:

neurotransmitter molecules, the "on switch"

Front 30

Cholinesterase:

Back 30

Cholinesterase:

"off switch"

Front 31

3 Neurotransmitters:

Back 31

3 Neurotransmitters:

Adrenaline
Serotonin
Dopamine

Front 32

PNS Nerve Classifications:

Back 32

PNS Nerve Classifications:

Sensory - carry impulses to cns
Motor - carry impulses away cns
Mixed - do both

Front 33

Somatic Nerves:

Back 33

Somatic Nerves:

PNS Deliver nerve impulses to the head and face

Spinal nerves

31 pair

2 components:

1) carry motor fibers to the spinal cord = dorsal root

2) to carry motor fibers away from the spinal cord = ventral root

Front 34

Lumbosacral Plexus:

Back 34

Lumbosacral Plexus:

Where hind limbs are supplies by, sciatic nerve is part of this

Front 35

Cauda Equina:

Back 35

Cauda Equina:

Ending of spinal nerves, resemble a horses tail

Front 36

Autonomic PNS:

Back 36

Autonomic PNS:

Involuntary

Fight or Flight

Front 37

Parasymphathic:

Back 37

Parasymphathic:

Rest and Digest

Restores normal resting body functions, decreased heart rate, increases digestion

Front 38

Ataxia:

Back 38

Ataxia:

Muscular Incoordination

Front 39

Chorea:

Back 39

Chorea:

Repetitive, rhythmic contraction of a group of muscles due to encaphalitis, myelitits caused by canine distemper

Front 40

Cerebrovascular accident:

Back 40

Cerebrovascular accident:

A stroke, rupture, and obstruction of artery in the brain

Front 41

Encaphalitis:

Back 41

Encaphalitis:

Inflammation of the brain

Front 42

Encephalomyelitis:

Back 42

Encephalomyelitis:

Inflammation of brain and spinal cord

Front 43

Epilepsy:

Back 43

Epilepsy:

Nervous system disorder marked by seizures; hereditary or idiopathic

Front 44

Meningitis:

Back 44

Meningitis:

Inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord; viral or bacterial

Front 45

Paralysis:

Back 45

Paralysis:

Loss of muscle function

Front 46

Paresis:

Back 46

Paresis:

Slight or incomplete paralysis

Front 47

Myelopathy:

Back 47

Myelopathy:

Functional disturbances or pathologic change in spinal cord "lesions"

Front 48

Myelography:

Back 48

Myelography:

Radiographs of spinal cord using contrast medium

Front 49

Intervertebral Disc Disease
IVDD

Back 49

Intervertebral Disc Disease
IVDD

More common in long backed breeds

Front 50

Injuries of the Eye:

Back 50

Injuries of the Eye:

All injuries and abnormalities of the eye should be treated as an emergency

Front 51

The outer most layer of the eye:

Back 51

The outer most layer of the eye:

Cornea

Front 52

Clouding of the eyes:

Back 52

Clouding of the eyes:

Is a normal part of the aging process; cataracts are not

Front 53

Palpebra:

Back 53

Palpebra:

Eyelid

Front 54

Conjunctiva:

Back 54

Conjunctiva:

Is the mucous membrane lining of the eye

Front 55

Sclera:

Back 55

Sclera:

Is the white part of the eye

Front 56

Iris:

Back 56

Iris:

Is the colored part of the eye

Front 57

Pupil:

Back 57

Pupil:

Is actually an opening in front of the lens controlled by the action of theciliary muscles

Front 58

Mydriasis:

Back 58

Mydriasis:

Pupil dilation

Front 59

Miosis:

Back 59

Miosis:

Constriction

Front 60

Eye exam instrument:

Back 60

Eye exam instrument:

Ophthalmoscope

Front 61

Cherry eye:

Back 61

Cherry eye:

Prolapse of nictating membrane (3rd eyelid)

Front 62

Distichiasis:

Back 62

Distichiasis:

Extra or out of place lashes growing along eye lid margin, scratching the cornea

Front 63

Entropian:

Back 63

Entropian:

Edge of eye lid turns inward causing lashes to scratch the cornea

Front 64

Ectropian:

Back 64

Ectropian:

Edge of lid turns outward (droopy eyes) causing conjunctiva to turn out

Front 65

Corneal Ulcer:

Back 65

Corneal Ulcer:

Typically caused by trauma, scratch, ouncture, or damage to layers of the cornea. Painful; needs immediate treatment.

Front 66

Descemetocele:

Back 66

Descemetocele:

Ulcer that has enetrated through cornea completely except for last thin membrane of the "descemets membrane". the thin attachment of the cornea

High risk of rupture
Brachycephalic breeds predisposed
surgical repair to prevent rupture

Front 67

Conjunctivitis:

Back 67

Conjunctivitis:

Bacterial or viral (especially chlamydia in cats) allergic or traumatic causes

Red, swollen conjunctiva sometimes protruding from eye or swollen over eyeball

Front 68

Keratoconjunctivits Sicca
KCS
"Dry Eye"

Back 68

Keratoconjunctivits Sicca
KCS
"Dry Eye"

Dry inflamed cornea and conjunctica due to lack of tear production

Goopey, yellow-brown discharge

Damaging to eye, can result in blindness

Needs lifelong treatment

Front 69

Schirmer Tear Test:

Back 69

Schirmer Tear Test:

To detect amount of tear production

Front 70

Cataract:

Back 70

Cataract:

Lens becomes opaque and interferes with light passage to the retina; due to disruption of the lens capsules immune system attacks own eye

Common symptoms with diabetes

Front 71

Nuclear sclerosis:

Back 71

Nuclear sclerosis:

Normal age related cause of cloudy eyes (lens becomes thicker)

Front 72

Lens Luxaction:

Back 72

Lens Luxaction:

Genetic lens weakness or secondary to uveitis, cataract, glaucoma, trauma

In dogs primary disease can lead to secondary glaucoma

Surgical removal of lens necessary

Front 73

Retinal Degeneration:

Back 73

Retinal Degeneration:

Hereditary (Progressive Retinal Atrophy = PRA)

Early symptoms hard to recognize

Begins with decreased night vision

Front 74

Glaucoma:

Back 74

Glaucoma:

Increased ocular pressure

Painful

Pressures checked using tonometer

May be symptom of hypertension

Front 75

Uveitis:

Back 75

Uveitis:

Inflammation of uvea, iris, ciliar body (fluid producing suture), chorois (nourished retina) and possibly retina

Front 76

Proptosis:

Back 76

Proptosis:

Prolapse of eyeball

Front 77

Ear exam instrument:

Back 77

Ear exam instrument:

Otoscope

Front 78

Otitis Externa:

Back 78

Otitis Externa:

Is inflammartion of the outer ear and ear canal, it is a common problem in the canine species, and is caused by dirt and grime buildup in the ear canal, causing swelling and inflammation. If not treated this condition may cause hearing loss.

Front 79

Total Ear Canal Ablation and Bulla Osteotomy:

Back 79

Total Ear Canal Ablation and Bulla Osteotomy:

When the ear canal is completely calcified or blocked by thickened lining or a tumor the entire ear canal may beed to be removed.