Vs Iii

Front 1

Vergence postion = ?

Back 1

LE position - RE position. (eye position to the left is positive while eye position to the right is negative)

Front 2

Measuring vergence in prism diopoters.

Back 2

At 1m, 1cm deviation = 1PD. 1P = .57degrees.

Front 3

MEasuring Meter-Angle.

Back 3

1 MA is amount of convergence required to view and object at 1 meter.

Front 4

What is the near triad?

Back 4

Convergence accompanied by , accommodation, and pupillary constriction all.

Front 5

what does puillary constriction help with?

Back 5

Increases depth of field so there is less accomodation that needs to be done.

Front 6

A crossed disparity gives...

Back 6

perception of near, and a stimulus to convergence.

Front 7

An uncrossed disparity gives...

Back 7

a perception of far, and a stimulus to divergence

Front 8

What defines the strength of the accomodative-vergence crosslink?

Back 8

AC:A ratio

Front 9

a blur stimulus can drive vergence via...

Back 9

accomodation-vergence crosslink

Front 10

A disparity stimulus can drive vergence via..

Back 10

convergence accomodation crosslink

Front 11

The convergence assomodation crosslink gets it's stregth from..

Back 11

CA/C ratio

Front 12

Besides spiarity and blur, what other cues may drive vergence movements?

Back 12

Size, texture, looming.

Front 13

What are size, texture, and looming use for when talking about vergence?

Back 13

They are used to fine tune eye position following an eye movement.

Front 14

Another way of saying proximal vergenace?

Back 14

psychic vergence or voluntary convergence

Front 15

What is tonic vergence?

Back 15

Restig state vergence.

Front 16

LAtency of vergence is..

Back 16

200ms

Front 17

Do vonverge or diverge faster?

Back 17

Depends. Convergence may be faster. The speed of divergence depends on the start position before the movement.

Front 18

During head rotation while fixated on a near target, VOR gain must ____ and the two eye rotate by ______ .

Back 18

Be greater than 1, different amounts

Front 19

What causes the VOR gain to be > 1?

Back 19

Context of viewing a near target.

Front 20

IS there evidence to suggest that vergence angle or visual information is used to modulate VOR gain?

Back 20

NO

Front 21

Phoria adatation changes which type of vergence?

Back 21

Tonic

Front 22

Phoria adaption is fast or slow?

Back 22

Slow

Front 23

How so we get phoria adaptation? (without prisms)

Back 23

Prolonged viewing of a near stimulus.

Front 24

Helmholtz proposed that in vergeance, each eye is conrtolled..

Back 24

Independently

Front 25

Hering proposed that in vergence that each eye is controlled..

Back 25

Together. That it is and independent system from conjugate eye movements. That it is a some of vergence and conjugate eye movements.

Front 26

The movement of the RE =

Back 26

Conjugate - vergence/2

Front 27

The movement of the left eye =

Back 27

Conjugate + vergence/2

Front 28

According to Hering, where are the conjugate and vergence movements summed?

Back 28

At the level of the motor neurons.

Front 29

The midbrain near response cells are located in the ____

Back 29

suppaoculomotor area, which are 1-2mm dorsolateral to the oculomotor nucleus.

Front 30

The SOA has direct monosynaptic connections to ____

Back 30

medial rectus nerurons

Front 31

What is the (non clinical) evidence that supports Hering's framework?

Back 31

During vergence movements, neuronal signals were changing in the SOA. There was no change in activity while performing saccades .

Front 32

What is the clinical evidence supporting Hering?

Back 32

INO.If you have billateral INO, there is a blialteral lesion of the MLF, so the abducens loses signal from omn. The SOA has connections that arent affecte, so you can still make verngence movements but not saccades.

Front 33

what are the parts of the brain for disparity encoding?

Back 33

v1, MT/MST, LIP

Front 34

Other parts of the brain involved in motor control of vergence?

Back 34

FEF (vergence neruons close to saccades neuron, SEF (predictive eye movements)

Front 35

What does a lesion in the dorsal vermis do to vergence movements?

Back 35

esodeviation, variation of alignment with orbital postion, disconjugacy of saccades and problems in phoria adaptation.

Front 36

Where to the FN and PIN recieve projections from?

Back 36

The vermis

Front 37

The do the FN and the PIN project to?

Back 37

the SOA

Front 38

FN has neurons related to _____

Back 38

convergence

Front 39

PIN has neruons related to ____

Back 39

diuvergence

Front 40

Flocculus is most likely important for what?

Back 40

changing VOR gain with vergence angle

Front 41

NRTP.

Back 41

prijects to the vermis and also directly to FN and PIN. Vergence cells lie close to SP and Sac

Front 42

SC

Back 42

stimulation of rostral part can supress vergence and saccades

Front 43

What happens to the lens as we age?

Back 43

Becomes thicker, loses ability to chagne shape.

Front 44

What happens to the ciliary mucle's ability to contract as we age?

Back 44

Stays intact

Front 45

What muscles are under neural control during acomodation?

Back 45

Only the ciliary muscle. SO there is no antagonist muscle.

Front 46

Innervation of ciliary musle is mostly from?

Back 46

Paraympathitei from edinger westfall nucleus amd siliary ganglion.

Front 47

IS there any sympathetic innveration in acomodation?

Back 47

maybe provide inhibitory for push pull system..maybe

Front 48

Monocular drive gets the eye ________ and binocular vergence help _______ the final eye position.

Back 48

near the target, fine tune