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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Is the BP of a patient with liver cirrhosis high or low? |
Low |
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What is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea? |
Sudden shortness of breath while sleeping due to fluid filling in lungs (classic sign with heart failure) |
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How can an edema patient manage edema through diet? |
Reduce salt intake to 2-3 g a day |
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What is the cause of hyponatremia with edema? |
Excess ADH |
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When patient serum sodium is low, what should immediately be measured? |
Plasma osmolarity |
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What induces release of AVP? (5) |
- Decreased blood volume - Pain - Nausea - Pregnancy - Drugs |
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What drugs induce release of AVP? (3) |
- morphine - carbamazepine - SSRIs |
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If urine Na is over 20 mEq/L, what are causes of hyponatremia hypovolemia? (2) |
- Tubular disorders - Hormonal/metabolic disturbances |
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If urine Na is less than 20 mEq/L, what are causes of hyponatremia hypovolemia? (4) |
(Think dehydration methods) - G.I. losses - Dermal losses (Marathon sweating) - Third-space sequestration (ascites) - Hemorrhage |
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If AVP is low in a patient with edema and hyponatremia, what are potential causes? (3) |
- Kidney injury - Advanced chronic kidney disease - Low GFR |
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If AVP is high in a patient with edema and hyponatremia, what are potential causes? (4) |
- Reduced blood volume - Heart failure - Nephrotic syndrome - Cirrhosis |
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What is the treatment for hypervolemic hyponatremia? (4) |
- Treat underlying disease - Fluid restriction - Loop diuretics - AVP-V2 antagonists |
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Why do loop diuretics help treat hypervolemic hyponatremia? |
They reduce renal medulla osmolarity to prevent NaCl/water retention |
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If AVP is high in euvolemic hyponatremia, what are potential causes? (4) |
- SIADH - hypothyroidism - Glucocorticoid insufficiency - Pregnancy |
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If AVP is low in euvolemic hyponatremia, what are potential causes? (2) |
- Primary polydipsia - Beer potomania |
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What are causes of SIADH? (6) |
- malignancies - pulmonary disease - CNS disorders - Stress (from surgery) - drugs - genetics |
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How is SIADH treated? (5) |
- Treat underlying cause - Fluid restriction - Salt tablets - Gentle hypertonic saline - AVP-V2 antagonists |
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What is pseudohyponatremia? |
hyponatremia due to increased lipids in blood (osmolarity will be normal) |
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What are causes of pseudohyponatremia? (2) |
- severe hyperlipidemia - multiple myeloma |
