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18 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
aerosols
very tiny liquid droplets or solid particles that can remain suspended in air

SO2 in volcanoes react with water in air to create aerosols
caldera
a big circular depression, after major eruptions; up to thousands of meters across); fairly flat floor; calderas differ from craters: size, shape, and mode of formation
shield volcanoes
broad, gentle domes
form from low-viscosity basaltic lava or large pyroclastic sheets
stratovolcano
large and cone shaped
consist of alternating layers of lava and tephra
Mt. Fuji
tuff
ash or ash mixed with pea- to plum-sized fragments transformed into coherent rock
tephra
unconsolidated deposits of pyroclastic grains, regardless of size, that have erupted from a volcano
pyroclastic flow
avalanches of hot ash and small fragments (lapilli)
gravity overcomes the upward force and buoyancy of rising ash column, column collapses
magma chamber
an open space or zone of highly fractured rock that can contain a large quantity of magma

some magma freezes in chamber and becomes intrusive igneous rock
some rises to Earth's surface
lava
molten rock that has extruded onto the Earth's surface
lahar
wet debris flow (tephra and other volcaniclastic debris mixed with rain water or snow) that can rush down channels at high speeds going far distances

at end it is just large clasts suspended in ashy mud
volcanic ash
during andesitic or rhyolitic eruptions, powerful explosions spray lava into the air, forming droplets that instantly freeze

composed of tiny glass shards
active volcanoes
volcanoes that are erupting, have erupted recently, or are likely to erupt soon
dormant volcanoes
volcanoes that have not erupted for 10,000 years but do have the potential to erupt again in the future
extinct volcanoes
volcanoes that were active in the past but have shut off entirely and will never erupt in the future
Ring of Fire
Subduction zones border more than 60% of the Pacific Ocean, creating a 20,000 km-long chain of volcanoes
volcano
an erupting vent through which molten rock reaches the Earth's surface or a mountain built from the products of eruption
basaltic

andesitic

rhyolitic
mafic

intermediate

felsic
pyroclastic debris
all fragmental material

(size: volcanic ash, lapilli, blocks and bombs)