Vol 04 Chap 07 - Musculoskeletal Trauma

Front 1

Small perforations of the long bones through which the blood vessels and nerves travel through the bone itself.

Back 1

Haversian canals

Front 2

Bone-forming cell found in the bone matrix that helps maintain the bone.

Back 2

Osteocyte

Front 3

Cell that helps in the creation of new bone during growth and bone repair.

Back 3

Osteoblast

Front 4

Structures through which blood vessels enter and exit the bone shaft.

Back 4

Perforating canals

Front 5

Loss of blood vessels from a body part.

Back 5

Devascularization

Front 6

Hallow shaft found in long bones.

Back 6

Diaphysis

Front 7

End of a long bone, including the epiphyseal, or growth plate, and supporting structures underlying the joint.

Back 7

Epiphysis

Front 8

Having a lattice-work structure, as in the spongy tissue of a bone.

Back 8

Cancellous

Front 9

Surface of a bone that moves against another bone.

Back 9

Articular surface

Front 10

Growth zone of a bone, active during the development stages of youth. It is located between the epiphysis and the diaphysis.

Back 10

Metaphysis

Front 11

Area of the metaphysis where cartilage is generated during bone growth in childhood. Also called the growth plate.

Back 11

Epiphyseal plate

Front 12

Cavity within a bone that contains the marrow.

Back 12

Medullary canal

Front 13

Tissue that stores frat in semiliquid form within the internal cavities of a bone.

Back 13

Yellow bone marrow

Front 14

Tissue within the internal cavity of a bone responsible for the manufacture of erythrocytes and other blood cells.

Back 14

Red bone marrow

Front 15

The tough exterior covering of a bone.

Back 15

Periosteum

Front 16

Connective tissue providing the articular surfaces of the skeletal system.

Back 16

Cartilage

Front 17

Bone that forms in a tendon.

Back 17

Sesamoid bone

Front 18

Area where adjacent bones articulate.

Back 18

Synarthroses

Front 19

Joints that permit a limited amount of independent motion.

Back 19

Amphiarthroses

Front 20

Synovial joints.

Back 20

Diarthroses

Front 21

Type of joint that permits the greatest degree of independent motion.

Back 21

Synovial joint

Front 22

Types of Joints

Back 22

- Synarthroses - immovable
- Amphiarthroses - very limited movement
- Diarthroses (synovial joints) - relatively free movement
= Monaxial
= Biaxial
= Triaxial

Front 23

Movement of a body part toward the midline.

Back 23

Adduction

Front 24

Movement of a body part away from the midline.

Back 24

Abduction

Front 25

Movemnet at a synovial joint where the distal end of a bone describes a circle but the shaft does not rotate.

Back 25

Circumduction

Front 26

Bands of connective tissue that connect bone to bone and hold joints together.

Back 26

Ligaments

Front 27

Substance that lubricates synovial joints.

Back 27

Synovial fluid

Front 28

Sac containing synovial fluid that cushions adjacent structures.

Back 28

Bursa

Front 29

Bones of the head, thorax, and spine.

Back 29

Axial skeleton

Front 30

Bones of the extremities, shoulder girdle, and pelvis (excepting the sacrum).

Back 30

Appendicular skeleton

Front 31

Triangular bone buried within the musculature of the upper back.

Back 31

Scapula

Front 32

Bone that holds the scapula and shoulder joint at a fixed distance from the sternum and permits the shoulder to move up and down (shrug).

Back 32

Clavicle

Front 33

The single bone of the proximal upper extremity.

Back 33

Humerous

Front 34

Bone on the thumb side of the forearm.

Back 34

Radius

Front 35

Bone on the little finger side of the forearm.

Back 35

Ulna

Front 36

Proximal end of the ulna.

Back 36

Olecranon

Front 37

Bones of the wrist.

Back 37

Carpal bones

Front 38

Bones of the palm.

Back 38

Metacarpals

Front 39

Bones of the fingers and toes.

Back 39

Phalanges

Front 40

Skeletal structure where the lower extremities are attach to the body.

Back 40

Pelvis

Front 41

One of the structures of the pelvis.

Back 41

Innominate

Front 42

Large, flat innominate bone.

Back 42

Ilium

Front 43

Irregular innominate bone.

Back 43

Ischium

Front 44

Lateral bony ridge that is a landmark of the pelvis.

Back 44

Iliac crest

Front 45

One of the bony knobs of the posterior pelvis.

Back 45

Ischial tuberosity

Front 46

Large bone of the proximal lower extremity.

Back 46

Femur

Front 47

The larger bone of the lower leg that articulates with the femur.

Back 47

Tibia

Front 48

The small bone of the lower leg.

Back 48

Fibula

Front 49

The protuberance of the ankle.

Back 49

Malleolus

Front 50

The largest bone of the foot; the heel.

Back 50

Calcaneus

Front 51

One of the bones forming the arch of the foot.

Back 51

Metatarsal

Front 52

Small bundle of the muscle fibers.

Back 52

Fasciculus

Front 53

Attachment of a muscle to a one that does not move (or experiences the least movement) when the muscle contracts.

Back 53

Origin

Front 54

Attachment of a muscle to a bone that moves when the muscle contracts.

Back 54

Insertion

Front 55

Paring of muscles that permits extension and flexion of limbs.

Back 55

Opposition

Front 56

Bands of connective tissue that attach muscle to bone.

Back 56

Tendons

Front 57

Types of Muscular Injuries

Back 57

- Contusion
- Compartment syndrome
- Penetrating injury
- Muscle fatigue
- Muscle cramp
- Muscle spasm
- Muscle strain

Front 58

Condition in which a muscle's ability to respond to stimulation is lost or reduced through overactivity.

Back 58

Fatigue

Front 59

Muscle pain resulting from overactivity, lack of oxygen, and accumulation of wast products.

Back 59

Cramping

Front 60

Intermittent or continuous contraction of a muscle.

Back 60

Spasm

Front 61

Injury resulting from overstretching of muscle fibers.

Back 61

Strain

Front 62

Types of Joint Injury

Back 62

- Sprain
- Subluxation
- Dislocation

Front 63

Tearing of a joint capsule's connective tissues.

Back 63

Sprain

Front 64

Types of Sprains

Back 64

- Grade I - minor and incomplete capsule tear; painful, but minimal swelling; joint stable
- Grade II - significant by incomplete tear; moderate to severe pain, swelling; joint intact but unstable
- Grade III - complete tear; severe pain and spasm; joint unstable

Front 65

Partial displacement of a bone end from its position in a joint capsule.

Back 65

Subluxation

Front 66

Complete displacement of a bone end from its position in a joint capsule.

Back 66

Dislocation

Front 67

A broken bone in which the bone ends or the forces that caused it do not penetrate the skin.

Back 67

Closed fracture

Front 68

A broken bone in which the bone ends or the forces that caused it penetrate the surrounding skin.

Back 68

Open fracture

Front 69

Types of Fractures

Back 69

- Open
- Closed
- Hairline
- Impacted
- Transverse
- Oblique
- Comminuted
- Spiral
- Greenstick
- Epiphyseal

Front 70

Small crack in a bone that does not disrupt its total structure.

Back 70

Hairline fracture

Front 71

Break in a bone in which the bone is compressed on itself.

Back 71

Impacted fracture

Front 72

A break that runs across a bone perpendicular to the bone's orientation.

Back 72

Transverse fracture

Front 73

Break in a bone running across it at an angle other than 90 degrees.

Back 73

Oblique fracture

Front 74

Fracture in which a bone is broken into several pieces.

Back 74

Comminuted fracture

Front 75

A curving break in a bone as may be caused by rotational forces.

Back 75

Spiral fracture

Front 76

Break in a bone associated with prlonged or repeated stress.

Back 76

Fatigue fracture

Front 77

Partial fracture of a child's bone.

Back 77

Greenstick fracture

Front 78

Disruption in the epiphyseal plate of a child's bone.

Back 78

Epiphyseal fracture

Front 79

Weakening of bone tissue due to loss of essential minerals, especially calcium.

Back 79

Osteoporosis

Front 80

Thickened area that forms at the site of the fracture as part of the repair process.

Back 80

Callus

Front 81

Acute or chronic inflammation of the small synovial sacs.

Back 81

Bursitis

Front 82

Inflammation of a tendon and/or its protective sheath.

Back 82

Tendonitis

Front 83

Inflammation of a joint.

Back 83

Arthritis

Front 84

Inflammation of a joint resulting from wearing of the articular cartilage.

Back 84

Osteoarthritis

Front 85

Chronic disease that souses deterioration of peripheral joint connective tissue.

Back 85

Rheumatoid arthritis

Front 86

Inflammation of joints and connective tissue due to buildup of uric acid crystals.

Back 86

Gout

Front 87

Classification of Patients with Musculoskeletal Injuries

Back 87

- Life- and limb-threatening injuries
- Life-threatening injuries, minor musculoskeletal injuries
- Non-life-threatening injuries, serious limb-threatening injuries
- Non-life-threatening injuries, isolated minor musculoskeletal injuries

Front 88

The Six Psin Evaluation Limb Injury

Back 88

- Pain
- Pallor
- Paralysis
- Paresthesia
- Pressure
- Pulses

Front 89

Early Indicators of Compartment Syndrome

Back 89

- Feelings of tension within limb
- Loss of distal sensation (especially in webs of fingers and toes)
- Complaints of pain
- Condition more severe than mechanism of injury would indicate
- Pain on passive extension of extremity
- Pulse deficit (late sign)

Front 90

Basic Muscluloskeletal Injury Care

Back 90

- Protecting open wounds
- Proper positioning
- Immobilization the injury
- Monitoring of neurovascular function

Front 91

Returning of displaced bone ends to their proper anatomical orientation.

Back 91

Reduction

Front 92

RICE Procedure for Strains, Sprains, and Soft-Tissue Injuries

Back 92

- Rest the extremity
- Ice for first 48 hours
- Compress with elastic bandage
- Elevate extremity