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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
An abnormal internal or external discharge of blood.
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Hemorrhage
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The natural tendency of the body to maintain a steady and normal internal environment.
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Homeostasis
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A state of inadequate tissue perfusion.
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Shock
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Division of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for controlling vegetative functions.
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Parasympathetic nervous system
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Division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for stressful situations.
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Sympathetic nervous system
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The amount of blood ejected by the heart in one cardiac contraction.
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Stroke volume
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The pressure within the ventricles at the end of diastole; the volume of blood delivered to the atria prior to ventricular diastole.
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Preload
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The law that an increase in cardiac output occurs in proportion to the diastolic stretch of the heart muscle fibers.
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Starling's law of the heart
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The resistance a contraction of the heart must overcome in order to eject blood; in cardiac physiology, defined as the tension of cardiac muscle during systole (contraction).
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Afterload
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Vessels that carry blood from the heart to the body tissues.
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Arteries
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The amount of blood pumped by the heart in 1 minute (computed as stroke volume x heart rate).
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Cardiac output
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Outer fibrous layer of the blood vessels that maintains their maximum size.
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Tunica adventitia
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The middle, muscular layer of the blood vessels that controls the vessel lumen size.
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Tunica media
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A small artery.
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Arteriole
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The resistance of the vessels to the flow of blood; in increases when the vessels constrict and decreases when the vessels relax.
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Peripheral vascular resistance
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Smooth interior layer of the blood vessels that provides for the free flow of blood.
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Tunica intima
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One of the minute blood vessels that connect the ends of arterioles with the beginnings of venules; where oxygen is diffused to body tissue and products of metabolism enter the bloodstream.
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Capillary
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The space between cells.
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Interstitial space
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A blood vessel that carries blood toward the heart.
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Vein
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Peripheral blood cell that contains hemoglobin; responsible for transport of oxygen to the cells.
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Erythrocyte
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An iron-based compound found in red blood cells that binds with oxygen and transport it to body cells.
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Hemoglobin
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The percentage of the blood consisting of the red blood cells, or erythrocytes.
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Hematocrit
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One of the fragments of cytoplasm that circulate in the blood and work with components of the coagulation system to promote blood clotting. Platelets also release serotonin, a vasoconstrictive substance.
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Platelet
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One of the white blood cells, which play key roles in the body's immune system and inflammatory (infection-fighting) responses.
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Leukocyte
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The body's three-step response to stop the loss of blood.
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Clotting
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Step in the clotting precess in which smooth blood vessel muscle contracts, reducing the vessel lumen and the flow of blood through it.
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Vascular phase
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Phases of the Clotting Process
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- Vascular phase
- Platelet phase - Coagulation |
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To cluster or come together.
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Aggregate
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Second step in the clotting process in which platelets adhere to blood vessel walls and to each other.
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Platelet phase
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The third step in the clotting process, which involves the formation of a protein called fibrin that forms a network around a wound to stop bleeding, ward off infection, and lay a foundation for healing and repair of the wound.
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Coagulation
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Protein fibers that trap red blood cells as part of the clotting process.
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Fibrin
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Factors Hindering the Clotting Process
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- Movement of the wound site
- Aggressive fluid therapy - Low body temperature - Medications such as aspirin, heparin, or Coumadin |
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Method of hemorrhage control that relies on the application of pressure to the actual site of the bleeding.
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Direct pressure
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A constrictor used on an extremity to apply circumferential pressure on all arteries to control bleeding.
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Tourniquet
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Compound produced form pyruvic acid during anaerobic glycolysis.
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Lactic acid
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Able to live without oxygen.
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Anaerobic
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A fibrous membrane that covers, supports,and separates muscles and may also unite the skin with underlying tissue.
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Fascia
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Collection of blood beneath the skin or trapped within a body compartment.
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Hematoma
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Bleeding from the nose resulting from injury, disease, or environmental factors; a nosebleed.
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Epistaxis
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Enlarged and tourtuous esophageal veins.
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Esophageal varices
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Black, tar-like feces due to gastrointestinal bleeding.
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Melena
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A reduction in the hemoglobin content in the blood to a point below that required to meet the oxygen requirements of the body.
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Anemia
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Difference between the systolic and diastolic blood pressures.
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Pulse pressure
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A hormone, such as epinephrine or norepinephrine, that strongly affects the nervous and cardiovascular systems, metabolic rate, temperature, and smooth muscle.
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Catecholamine
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Stages of Hemorrhage
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- Stage 1 - Blood loss of up to 15 percent; patient may display some nervousness and marginally cool skin with slight pallor
- Stage 2 - Blood loss of 15 to 25 percent; patient displays thirst; anxiety; restlessness; cool, clammy skin; increased respiratory rate - Stage 3 - Blood loss between 25 and 35 percent; patient experiences air hunger, dyspnea, severe thirst, anxiety, restlessness; survival unlikely without rapid intervention - Stage 4 - Blood loss greater than 35 percent; pulse barely palpable, respirations ineffective; patient lethargic, confused, moving toward unresponsiveness; survival unlikely |
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Injuries That Can Cause Significant Blood Loss
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- Fractured pelvis (2,000 mL)
- Fractured femur (1,500 mL) - Fractured tibia (750 mL) - Fractured humerus (750 mL) - Large contusion (500 mL) |
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Signs and Symptoms of Internal Hemorrhage
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- Early
= Pain, tenderness, swelling, or discoloration of suspected injury site = Bleeding from mouth, rectum, vagina, or other orifice = Vomiting of bright red blood = Tender, rigid, and/or distended abdomen - Late = Anxiety, restlessness, combativeness, or altered mental status = Weakness, faintness, or dizziness = Vomiting of blood the color of dark coffee grounds = Thirst = Melena = Shallow, rapid breathing = Rapid, weak pulse = Pale, cool, clammy skin = Capillary refill greater than 2 seconds (most reliable in infants and children under 6) = Dropping blood pressure = Dilated pupils sluggish in responding to light = Nausea and vomiting |
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Passage of stools containing red blood.
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Hematochezia
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A decrease in blood pressure that occurs when a person moves from a supine or sitting to an upright position.
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Orthostatic hypotension
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Drop in the systolic blood pressure of 20 mmHg or an increase in the pulse rate of 20 beats per minute when a patient is moved from a supine to a sitting position; a finding suggestive of a relative hypovolemia.
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Tilt test
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The total changes that take place in an organism during physiological processes.
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Metabolism
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The first stage of the process in which the cell break apart an energy source, commonly glucose, and releases a small amount of energy.
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Glycolysis
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The second stage of metabolism, requiring the presence of oxygen, in which the breakdown of glucose (in a process called the Krebs or citric acid cycle) yields a high amount of energy.
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Aerobic metabolism
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Process of aerobic metabolism that uses carbohydrates, proteins, and fats to release energy for the body; also known as the citric acid cycle.
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Krebs cycle
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The first stage of metabolism, which does not require oxygen, in which the breakdown of glucose (in a process cal glycolysis) produces pyruvic acid and yields limited energy.
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Anaerobic metabolism
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Part of a circulatory system consisting of the veins that drain some of the digestive organs. The portal system delivers blood to the liver.
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Portal system
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Hormone that increases the blood glucose level by stimulating the liver to change stored glycogen to glucose.
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Glucagon
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Pancreatic hormone needed to transport simple sugars form the interstitial spaces into the cells.
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Insulin
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Pressure exerted against the arterial walls during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart.
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Systolic blood pressure
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Pressure exerted against the arterial walls during relaxation of the left ventricle of the heart.
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Diastolic blood pressure
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Blood flow in the arterioles, capillaries, and venules.
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Microcirculation
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Substance released during the degranulation of mast cells and basophils that increases blood flow to the injury site due to vasodilation and increased permeability of capillary walls.
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Histamine
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Process by which respirations assist blood return to the heart.
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Thoracoabdominal pump
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Sensory nerve ending, found in the walls of the atria of the heart, vena cava, aortic arch, and carotid sinus, that is stimulated by changes in pressure.
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Baroreceptor
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Sense organ or sensory nerve ending located outside the central nervous system that is stimulated by and reacts to chemical stimuli.
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Chemoreceptor
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A sympathetic nervous system center in the medulla oblongata, controlling the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine.
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Cardioacceleratory center
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A parasympathetic center in the medulla oblongata, controlling the vagus nerve.
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Cardioinhibitory center
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The 10th cranial nerve that monitors and controls the heart, respiration, and much of the abdominal viscera.
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Vagus nerve
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Center in the medulla oblongata that controls arterial and, to a degree, venous tone.
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Vasomotor center
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Hormone released by the posterior pituitary that induces an increase in peripheral vascular resistance and causes the kidneys to retain water, decreasing urine output, and also causes splenic vascular constriction.
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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A vasopressor hormone that causes contraction of the smooth muscles of arteries and arterioles, produced when renin is released from the kidneys; angiotensin I is a physiologically inactive form, while angiotension II is an active form.
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Angiotensin
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Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that increases sodium reabsorption by the kidneys; it plays a part in the regulation of blood volume, blood pressure, and blood levels of potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate.
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Aldosterone
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A polysaccharide; one of the forms in which the body stores glucose.
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Glycogen
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The process by which the body converts glycogen into glucose.
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Glycogenolysis
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Hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that is essential to the function of the adrenal cortex, including production of glucocorticoids.
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone
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Hormones released by the adrenal cortex that increase glucose production and reduce the body's inflammation response.
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Glucocorticoids
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Hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that promotes the uptake of glucose and amino acids in the muscle cells and stimulates protein synthesis.
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Growth hormone
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One of a specialized group of proteins that is produced by the kidneys and spurs production of red blood cells in the bone marrow.
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Erythropoietin
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A blockage in the delivery of oxygenated blood to the cells.
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Ischemia
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The pressure of liquids in equalibrium; the pressure exerted by or within liquids.
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Hydrostatic pressure
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Group of red blood cells that are stuck together.
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Rouleaux
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Release of accumulated lactic acid, carbon dioxide (carbonic acid), potassium, and rouleaux into the venous circulation.
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Washout
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Hemodynamic insult to the body in which the body responds effectively. Signs and symptoms are limited, and the human system functions normally.
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Compensated shock
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Stages of Shock
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- Compensated
- Decompensated - Irreversible |
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Continuing hemodynamic insult to the body in which the compensatory mechanisms break down. The signs and symptoms become very pronounced, and the patient moves rapidly toward death.
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Decompensated shock
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Final stage of shock in which organs and cells are so damaged that recovery is impossible.
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Irreversible shock
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Shock caused by loss of blood or body fluids.
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Hypovolemic shock
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Types of Shock
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- Hypovolemic
- Distributive = Anaphylactic = Septic - Obstructive - Cardiogenic - Respiratory - Neurogenic |
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Shock that results from mechanisms that prevent the appropriate distribution of nutrients and removal of metabolic waste products.
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Distributive shock
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Form of distributive shock in which histamine causes general vasodilation, precapillary sphincter dilation, capillary engorgement, and fluid movement into the interstitial compartment.
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Anaphylactic shock
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Form of distributive shock caused by massive infection in which toxins compromise the vascular system's ability to control blood vessels and distribute blood.
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Septic shock
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Shock resulting form interference with the blood flowing through the cardiovascular system.
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Obstructive shock
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Shock resulting from failure to maintain the blood pressure because of inadequate cardiac output.
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Cardiogenic shock
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Shock resulting from failure of the respiratory system to supply oxygen to the alveoli or remove CO2 form them.
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Respiratory shock
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Type of shock resulting form an interruption in the communication pathway between the central nervous system and the rest of the body leading to decreased peripheral vascular resistance.
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Neurogenic shock
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Positive-pressure ventilation supplied to a breathing patient.
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Overdrive respiration
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Garment designed to produce uniform pressure on the lower extremities and abdomen; used with shock and hemorrhage patients in some EMS systems.
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Pneumatic anti-shock garment (PASG)
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