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97 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
An abnormal internal or external discharge of blood.
Hemorrhage
The natural tendency of the body to maintain a steady and normal internal environment.
Homeostasis
A state of inadequate tissue perfusion.
Shock
Division of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for controlling vegetative functions.
Parasympathetic nervous system
Division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for stressful situations.
Sympathetic nervous system
The amount of blood ejected by the heart in one cardiac contraction.
Stroke volume
The pressure within the ventricles at the end of diastole; the volume of blood delivered to the atria prior to ventricular diastole.
Preload
The law that an increase in cardiac output occurs in proportion to the diastolic stretch of the heart muscle fibers.
Starling's law of the heart
The resistance a contraction of the heart must overcome in order to eject blood; in cardiac physiology, defined as the tension of cardiac muscle during systole (contraction).
Afterload
Vessels that carry blood from the heart to the body tissues.
Arteries
The amount of blood pumped by the heart in 1 minute (computed as stroke volume x heart rate).
Cardiac output
Outer fibrous layer of the blood vessels that maintains their maximum size.
Tunica adventitia
The middle, muscular layer of the blood vessels that controls the vessel lumen size.
Tunica media
A small artery.
Arteriole
The resistance of the vessels to the flow of blood; in increases when the vessels constrict and decreases when the vessels relax.
Peripheral vascular resistance
Smooth interior layer of the blood vessels that provides for the free flow of blood.
Tunica intima
One of the minute blood vessels that connect the ends of arterioles with the beginnings of venules; where oxygen is diffused to body tissue and products of metabolism enter the bloodstream.
Capillary
The space between cells.
Interstitial space
A blood vessel that carries blood toward the heart.
Vein
Peripheral blood cell that contains hemoglobin; responsible for transport of oxygen to the cells.
Erythrocyte
An iron-based compound found in red blood cells that binds with oxygen and transport it to body cells.
Hemoglobin
The percentage of the blood consisting of the red blood cells, or erythrocytes.
Hematocrit
One of the fragments of cytoplasm that circulate in the blood and work with components of the coagulation system to promote blood clotting. Platelets also release serotonin, a vasoconstrictive substance.
Platelet
One of the white blood cells, which play key roles in the body's immune system and inflammatory (infection-fighting) responses.
Leukocyte
The body's three-step response to stop the loss of blood.
Clotting
Step in the clotting precess in which smooth blood vessel muscle contracts, reducing the vessel lumen and the flow of blood through it.
Vascular phase
Phases of the Clotting Process
- Vascular phase
- Platelet phase
- Coagulation
To cluster or come together.
Aggregate
Second step in the clotting process in which platelets adhere to blood vessel walls and to each other.
Platelet phase
The third step in the clotting process, which involves the formation of a protein called fibrin that forms a network around a wound to stop bleeding, ward off infection, and lay a foundation for healing and repair of the wound.
Coagulation
Protein fibers that trap red blood cells as part of the clotting process.
Fibrin
Factors Hindering the Clotting Process
- Movement of the wound site
- Aggressive fluid therapy
- Low body temperature
- Medications such as aspirin, heparin, or Coumadin
Method of hemorrhage control that relies on the application of pressure to the actual site of the bleeding.
Direct pressure
A constrictor used on an extremity to apply circumferential pressure on all arteries to control bleeding.
Tourniquet
Compound produced form pyruvic acid during anaerobic glycolysis.
Lactic acid
Able to live without oxygen.
Anaerobic
A fibrous membrane that covers, supports,and separates muscles and may also unite the skin with underlying tissue.
Fascia
Collection of blood beneath the skin or trapped within a body compartment.
Hematoma
Bleeding from the nose resulting from injury, disease, or environmental factors; a nosebleed.
Epistaxis
Enlarged and tourtuous esophageal veins.
Esophageal varices
Black, tar-like feces due to gastrointestinal bleeding.
Melena
A reduction in the hemoglobin content in the blood to a point below that required to meet the oxygen requirements of the body.
Anemia
Difference between the systolic and diastolic blood pressures.
Pulse pressure
A hormone, such as epinephrine or norepinephrine, that strongly affects the nervous and cardiovascular systems, metabolic rate, temperature, and smooth muscle.
Catecholamine
Stages of Hemorrhage
- Stage 1 - Blood loss of up to 15 percent; patient may display some nervousness and marginally cool skin with slight pallor
- Stage 2 - Blood loss of 15 to 25 percent; patient displays thirst; anxiety; restlessness; cool, clammy skin; increased respiratory rate
- Stage 3 - Blood loss between 25 and 35 percent; patient experiences air hunger, dyspnea, severe thirst, anxiety, restlessness; survival unlikely without rapid intervention
- Stage 4 - Blood loss greater than 35 percent; pulse barely palpable, respirations ineffective; patient lethargic, confused, moving toward unresponsiveness; survival unlikely
Injuries That Can Cause Significant Blood Loss
- Fractured pelvis (2,000 mL)
- Fractured femur (1,500 mL)
- Fractured tibia (750 mL)
- Fractured humerus (750 mL)
- Large contusion (500 mL)
Signs and Symptoms of Internal Hemorrhage
- Early
= Pain, tenderness, swelling, or discoloration of suspected injury site
= Bleeding from mouth, rectum, vagina, or other orifice
= Vomiting of bright red blood
= Tender, rigid, and/or distended abdomen

- Late
= Anxiety, restlessness, combativeness, or altered mental status
= Weakness, faintness, or dizziness
= Vomiting of blood the color of dark coffee grounds
= Thirst
= Melena
= Shallow, rapid breathing
= Rapid, weak pulse
= Pale, cool, clammy skin
= Capillary refill greater than 2 seconds (most reliable in infants and children under 6)
= Dropping blood pressure
= Dilated pupils sluggish in responding to light
= Nausea and vomiting
Passage of stools containing red blood.
Hematochezia
A decrease in blood pressure that occurs when a person moves from a supine or sitting to an upright position.
Orthostatic hypotension
Drop in the systolic blood pressure of 20 mmHg or an increase in the pulse rate of 20 beats per minute when a patient is moved from a supine to a sitting position; a finding suggestive of a relative hypovolemia.
Tilt test
The total changes that take place in an organism during physiological processes.
Metabolism
The first stage of the process in which the cell break apart an energy source, commonly glucose, and releases a small amount of energy.
Glycolysis
The second stage of metabolism, requiring the presence of oxygen, in which the breakdown of glucose (in a process called the Krebs or citric acid cycle) yields a high amount of energy.
Aerobic metabolism
Process of aerobic metabolism that uses carbohydrates, proteins, and fats to release energy for the body; also known as the citric acid cycle.
Krebs cycle
The first stage of metabolism, which does not require oxygen, in which the breakdown of glucose (in a process cal glycolysis) produces pyruvic acid and yields limited energy.
Anaerobic metabolism
Part of a circulatory system consisting of the veins that drain some of the digestive organs. The portal system delivers blood to the liver.
Portal system
Hormone that increases the blood glucose level by stimulating the liver to change stored glycogen to glucose.
Glucagon
Pancreatic hormone needed to transport simple sugars form the interstitial spaces into the cells.
Insulin
Pressure exerted against the arterial walls during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart.
Systolic blood pressure
Pressure exerted against the arterial walls during relaxation of the left ventricle of the heart.
Diastolic blood pressure
Blood flow in the arterioles, capillaries, and venules.
Microcirculation
Substance released during the degranulation of mast cells and basophils that increases blood flow to the injury site due to vasodilation and increased permeability of capillary walls.
Histamine
Process by which respirations assist blood return to the heart.
Thoracoabdominal pump
Sensory nerve ending, found in the walls of the atria of the heart, vena cava, aortic arch, and carotid sinus, that is stimulated by changes in pressure.
Baroreceptor
Sense organ or sensory nerve ending located outside the central nervous system that is stimulated by and reacts to chemical stimuli.
Chemoreceptor
A sympathetic nervous system center in the medulla oblongata, controlling the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Cardioacceleratory center
A parasympathetic center in the medulla oblongata, controlling the vagus nerve.
Cardioinhibitory center
The 10th cranial nerve that monitors and controls the heart, respiration, and much of the abdominal viscera.
Vagus nerve
Center in the medulla oblongata that controls arterial and, to a degree, venous tone.
Vasomotor center
Hormone released by the posterior pituitary that induces an increase in peripheral vascular resistance and causes the kidneys to retain water, decreasing urine output, and also causes splenic vascular constriction.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
A vasopressor hormone that causes contraction of the smooth muscles of arteries and arterioles, produced when renin is released from the kidneys; angiotensin I is a physiologically inactive form, while angiotension II is an active form.
Angiotensin
Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that increases sodium reabsorption by the kidneys; it plays a part in the regulation of blood volume, blood pressure, and blood levels of potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate.
Aldosterone
A polysaccharide; one of the forms in which the body stores glucose.
Glycogen
The process by which the body converts glycogen into glucose.
Glycogenolysis
Hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that is essential to the function of the adrenal cortex, including production of glucocorticoids.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Hormones released by the adrenal cortex that increase glucose production and reduce the body's inflammation response.
Glucocorticoids
Hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that promotes the uptake of glucose and amino acids in the muscle cells and stimulates protein synthesis.
Growth hormone
One of a specialized group of proteins that is produced by the kidneys and spurs production of red blood cells in the bone marrow.
Erythropoietin
A blockage in the delivery of oxygenated blood to the cells.
Ischemia
The pressure of liquids in equalibrium; the pressure exerted by or within liquids.
Hydrostatic pressure
Group of red blood cells that are stuck together.
Rouleaux
Release of accumulated lactic acid, carbon dioxide (carbonic acid), potassium, and rouleaux into the venous circulation.
Washout
Hemodynamic insult to the body in which the body responds effectively. Signs and symptoms are limited, and the human system functions normally.
Compensated shock
Stages of Shock
- Compensated
- Decompensated
- Irreversible
Continuing hemodynamic insult to the body in which the compensatory mechanisms break down. The signs and symptoms become very pronounced, and the patient moves rapidly toward death.
Decompensated shock
Final stage of shock in which organs and cells are so damaged that recovery is impossible.
Irreversible shock
Shock caused by loss of blood or body fluids.
Hypovolemic shock
Types of Shock
- Hypovolemic
- Distributive
= Anaphylactic
= Septic
- Obstructive
- Cardiogenic
- Respiratory
- Neurogenic
Shock that results from mechanisms that prevent the appropriate distribution of nutrients and removal of metabolic waste products.
Distributive shock
Form of distributive shock in which histamine causes general vasodilation, precapillary sphincter dilation, capillary engorgement, and fluid movement into the interstitial compartment.
Anaphylactic shock
Form of distributive shock caused by massive infection in which toxins compromise the vascular system's ability to control blood vessels and distribute blood.
Septic shock
Shock resulting form interference with the blood flowing through the cardiovascular system.
Obstructive shock
Shock resulting from failure to maintain the blood pressure because of inadequate cardiac output.
Cardiogenic shock
Shock resulting from failure of the respiratory system to supply oxygen to the alveoli or remove CO2 form them.
Respiratory shock
Type of shock resulting form an interruption in the communication pathway between the central nervous system and the rest of the body leading to decreased peripheral vascular resistance.
Neurogenic shock
Positive-pressure ventilation supplied to a breathing patient.
Overdrive respiration
Garment designed to produce uniform pressure on the lower extremities and abdomen; used with shock and hemorrhage patients in some EMS systems.
Pneumatic anti-shock garment (PASG)