Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the 3 physiological characteristics of voice production?
|
1-Respiration
2-Phonation 3-Resonation |
|
|
What are the four characteristics of sound?
|
1-Frequency: # of cycles / second
2-Amplitude: intensity 3-Timbre: harmonics; multiples of fundamental frequency 4-Time: duration |
|
|
What are the physical and perceptual terms for frequency and amplitude?
|
1-Frequency & timbre: frequency/pitch
2-Amplitude: intensity/loudness |
|
|
What is the average frequency for males & females?
|
1-Males: 120 Hz
2-Females: 240 Hz |
|
|
What is the term for sound generated by rapid vocal fold movement excited by airstream?
|
Phonation
|
|
|
What is the term for the audible product of phonation?
|
Voice: vowels, voiced consonants
|
|
|
What are the four vocal evaluative parameters?
|
1-pitch
2-loudness 3-qualtity 4-Flexibility |
|
|
What is the term for one body set in motion by another?
|
phenomenon whereby one body is set in motion by another
|
|
|
What is the term for a "band of harmonics"?
|
Formant
(repeating sounds "good", non-repeating sounds "bad") |
|
|
What are the characteristics of normal voice as defined by Boone, et. al.?
|
1-Loudness
2-Vocal hygiene (hydration) 3-Pleasantness 4-Flexibility; not monotone 5-Represenation for age & sex |
|
|
What can abnormal voice be an indication of?
|
1-Physical illness
2-Pyschological state 3-Disrorder of communicaton |
|
|
What are the classifications of voice disorders?
|
A-Kinesiologic: over/under adduction
B-Perceptual: based on acoustic properties C-Etilology |
|
|
Under the Etiologic classification of voice disorders, what are the causes that explain symptoms?
|
1-Organic; structural
2-Psychogenic: functional |
|
|
What are the skeletal components of respiration?
|
1-Sternum
2-Spine 3-Ribs |
|
|
What are the muscles of inspiration?
|
1-Diaphragm
2-Internal intercostals 3-External intercostals 4-External & internal obliques 5-Rectus abdominus 6-Latissmus dorsi |
|
|
What are the 5 major steps in the inspiratory process?
|
1-Thoracic cavity increases in size
2-Lungs expand 3-Air pressure reduces inside 4-Minus air pressure relative to outside air 5-Air rushes in to fill vacuum |
|
|
What are the 4 major steps of expiration?
|
1-Decrease in size of thoracic cavity
2-Elastic recoil of lungs 3-Increase in intra-pulmonary pressure 4-Outflow of air until pressure is equalized |
|
|
How many breaths are there in resting respiration?
How many breaths in vigerous exercise? |
Resting = 10-18/minute
Exercise > 35/minute |
|
|
What is the term for all the air you can take in & all you can push out?
|
Vital capacity
|
|
|
What is the term for at-rest breathing?
|
Tidal air
|
|
|
What is the term for the air above vital capacity?
|
Complimental air or IRV
|
|
|
What is the term for the air at the bottom of the expiratory cycle?
|
Supplemental air or ERV
|
|
|
What is the term for the air remaining in the lungs after all that has been expired?
|
Residual air
|
|
|
What is the capacity for Tidal volume?
|
1-Men: 750 cc
2-Women: 340 cc |
|
|
What is the capacity for Inpiratory Reserve Volume?
|
1500 - 2500 cc
|
|
|
What is the capacity for Expiratory Reserve Volume?
|
1500 cc
|
|
|
What is the volume for Residual Volume?
|
1000 - 1500 cc
|
|
|
What is the volume for vital capacity? (TV + IRV + ERV)
|
4500 - 5000 cc
|
|
|
What is meant by Total Lung Capacity?
|
Total volume in lungs after maximum inspiration
|
|
|
What are the cartilages of Phonation?
|
1-Cricoid
2-Thyroid 3-Arytenoid 4-Corniculate 5-Cuniform 6-Epiglottis |
|
|
What are the membranes of the larynx?
|
1-Thyrohyoid
2-Median thyrohyoid (lateral) 3-Quadrangular 4-Conus elasiticis (lining of larynx) |
|
|
What are the Intrinsic muscles of phonation?
|
1-Cricothyroid - stretches VF's; increasing pitch
2-Anterior cricoarytenoids - rotates arytenoids 3-Posterior cricoarytenoids 4-Oblique arytenoids - approximate the arytenoids 5-Transverse arytenoids 6-Thyroarytenoids - underlie VF's; close glottis 7-Vocalis: underlie VF's, close glottis 8-Aryepiglottis - pulls epiglottis over airway |
|
|
What are the Extrinsic muscles of phonation (not as important for phonation)?
|
1-Infrahyoid (XII) lowers hyoid & larynx:
a) Sternohyoid b) Sternothyroid c) Thyrohyoid 2-Suprahyoid: pulls hyoid fwd, upward, & back: a) Stylohyoid(VII) b) Mylohyoid (V) c) Digastric (V & VII) d) Geniohyoid (XII) 5) Stylopharyngeus |
|
|
What is the theory of phonation called?
|
Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation: Mass & Elasticity plus air stream through system = Voice
|
|
|
What two properties interact in the Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory of phonation?
|
Physcial properties of VF's & subglottic airstream
|
|
|
What is the sequence of phonation?
|
1-VF's are closed
2-Subglottic air pressure builds 3-Increased pressure blows the VF's apart 4-Puff of air is released 5-Reduced pressure causes the glottis to close (Bernoulli effect) |
|
|
What is the basic unit of speech production?
|
The syllable
|
|
|
What are the systems of respiration?
|
A. Autonomic nervous system - maintains internal body stability:
1-sympathetic: alerting 2-parasympathetic: calming B. Motor system: important for respiration & phonation: 1-Pyramidal: corticobulbar & corticospinal 2-Extrpyramidal |
|
|
What is the term for vocal fold paralysis?
|
Flaccid dysarthria
|
|
|
What are the Vagus nerve pathways?
|
1-Pharyngeal
2-Superior Laryngeal 3-Recurrent Laryngeal |
|
|
Name the structures innervated by the branches of the Vagus nerve?
|
1-Soft palate (Pharyngeal branch)
2-Cricothyroid muscle (Superior laryngeal nerve) 3-Intrinsic laryngeal muscle (Recurrent laryngeal nerve) |
|
|
What is the primary function of the Cricothyroid muscle?
|
Pitch regulation (thyroid moves and causes cricoid cartilate to rock, causing VF's to stretch)
|
|
|
What are the three vocal registers?
|
1-Glottal fry (low frequency)
2-Modal (normal frequency) 3-Loft (falsetto) |
|
|
What are the normal pitch ranges for birth, child, adult?
|
1-Birth: 300 - 400 Hz
2-Child: 450 - 550 Hz 3-Adult: 120 (females); 240 (males) |
|
|
What are the characteristics of glottal fry?
|
1-Low frequency (3-50 Hz)
2-Irregular occurring bursts 3-Folds thick, short, compliant, pressed tightly together 4-High glottal resistence 5-Limited intensity level |
|
|
What are the characteristics of the Modal register?
|
1-Folds present an upper and lower edge
2-In opening burst, nearly entire fold moves 3-Wide intensity range (40 - 110 dB) 4-Frequency range: 1-1/2 octaves or more 5-Quality is "tonal"; repeating wave form |
|
|
What are the qualities of the Loft (falsetto) register?
|
1-tense VF's
2-Only free margin vibrates 3-Short vibrating period, thus increasing pitch 5-single opening & close, no phase effects 6-Restricted intensity range 7-High pitch 8-May have breathy quality |
|
|
What are the components of the voice evaluation?
|
1-Case history
2-Hearing screening 3-Oral Periph Exam 4-Psychological (medical setting) 5-Voice analysis (description and rating) |
|
|
What are the 6 components of the voice evaluation?
|
1-Case history
2-Hearing screening 3-Oral periph exam 4-Pyschological eval 5-Voice analysis - subjective & objective 6-Associated symptoms |
|
|
What questions should be answered in the case history part of the voice evaluation?
|
1-Patient's perception of problem
2-Onset & duration of problem 3-Problem variability 4-General health 5-Health related issues, smoking, drug or hormone tx 6-Hearing issues |
|
|
What are the structures to inlclude in the oral-periph exam?
|
1-Lips
2-Dentition 3-Hard palate - mobility 4-Uvula - if missing could indicate sub-mucus cleft 5-Mandible 6-Tongue 7-Pharynx 8-Muscular tension, i.e., in larynx |
|
|
What are the maximum phonation times for males, females, children?
|
Male: 15-20 sec's
Female: 4-20 sec's Children: 10 sec's |
|
|
Erratic vibration of VF's is called?
|
Spastic dysphonia
|
